Hilo Bay Water Circulation and Water Quality Study -APRIL 2009

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Turbidity and rainfall in the Wailuku and Wailoa Rivers

Pg. 18

Figure 2: NO

+ NO

in the Wailuku and Wailoa Rivers

Pg. 19

Figure 3: Map of sampling stations

Pg. 23

Figure 4: Baseflow and storm TDN at stations S1 and S4

Pg. 71

Figure 5: Baseflow and storm NO

+ NO

at stations S1 and S4

Pg. 72

Figure 6: Baseflow and storm turbidity at stations S1 and S4

Pg. 73

Figure 7: Baseflow TDN at stations S2, S3, S5, S6, C1, and C2

Pg. 74

Figure 8: Baseflow NO

+ NO

at stations S2, S3, S5, S6, C1, and C2

Pg. 75

Figure 9: Baseflow turbidity at stations S2, S3, S5, S6, C1, and C2

Pg. 76

Figure 10: Baseflow Chl a at stations S2, S3, S5, S6, C1, and C2

Pg. 77

Figure 11: Storm 1 TDN at stations S2, S3, S5, S6, C1, and C2

Pg. 78

Figure 12: Storm 1 NO

+ NO

at stations S2, S3, S5, S6, C1, and C2

Pg. 79

Figure 13: Storm 1 turbidity at stations S2, S3, S5, S6, C1, and C2

Pg. 80

Figure 14: Storm 1 Chl a at stations S2, S3, S5, S6, C1, and C2

Pg. 81

Figure 15: Storm 2 TDN at stations S2, S3, S5, S6, C1, and C2

Pg. 82

Figure 16: Storm 2 NO

+ NO

at stations S2, S3, S5, S6, C1, and C2

Pg. 83

Figure 17: Storm 2 turbidity at stations S2, S3, S5, S6, C1, and C2

Pg. 84

Figure 18: Storm 2 Chl a at stations S2, S3, S5, S6, C1, and C2

Pg. 85

Figure 19: Storm 3 TDN at stations S2, S3, S5, S6, C1, and C2

Pg. 86

Figure 20: Storm 3 NO

+ NO

at stations S2, S3, S5, S6, C1, and C2

Pg. 87

Figure 21: Storm 3 turbidity at stations S2, S3, S5, S6, C1, and C2

Pg. 88

Figure 22: Storm 3 Chl a at stations S2, S3, S5, S6, C1, and C2

Pg. 89

LIST OF APPENDICIES

Appendix 1: Salinity depth profiles

Pgs. 94-100

Table 11a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S2

Pg. 95

Table 12a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S3

Pg. 96

Table 13a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S5

Pg. 97

Table 14a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S6

Pg. 98

Table 15a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station C1

Pg. 99

Table 16a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station C2

Pg. 100

Appendix 2: Specific conductivity depth profiles

Pgs. 101-107

Table 17a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S2

Pg. 102

Table 18a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S3

Pg. 103

Table 19a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S5

Pg. 104

Table 20a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S6

Pg. 105

Table 21a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station C1

Pg. 106

Table 22a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station C2

Pg. 107

Appendix 3: Temperature depth profiles

Pgs. 108-114

Table 23a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S2

Pg. 109

Table 24a,c: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S3

Pg. 110

Table 25a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S5

Pg. 111

Table 26a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S6

Pg. 112

Table 27a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station C1

Pg. 113

Table 28a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station C2

Pg. 114

Appendix 4: Dissolved oxygen depth profiles

Pgs. 115-121

Table 29a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S2

Pg. 116

Table 30a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S3

Pg. 117

Table 31a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S5

Pg. 118

Table 32a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S6

Pg. 119

Table 33a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station C1

Pg. 120

Table 34a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station C2

Pg. 121

Appendix 5: Percent oxygen saturation depth profiles

Pgs. 122-128

Table 35a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S2

Pg. 123

Table 36a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S3

Pg. 124

Table 37a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S5

Pg. 125

Table 38a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S6

Pg. 126

Table 39a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station C1

Pg. 127

Table 40a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station C2

Pg. 128

Appendix 6: Light attenuation depth profiles

Pgs. 129-135

Table 41a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S2

Pg. 130

Table 42a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S3

Pg. 131

Table 43a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S5

Pg. 132

Table 44a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station S6

Pg. 133

Table 45a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station C1

Pg. 134

Table 46a,b: Baseflow (a) and storm (b) profiles, station C2

Pg. 135

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Hilo Bay waters have exceeded state water quality standards since the late 1970s

for nutrients, turbidity, and fecal bacteria indicators and were formally included on the

United States Environmental Protection Agency?s (USEPA) 303(d) list of impaired water

bodies in 1998. It has long been suspected that Hilo Bay?s breakwater reduces water

circulation and increases the residence time of pollutants inside the Bay. This public

perception and the listing of Hilo Bay on the USEPA?s 303(d) list contribute to the fact

that only 10% of the people who use Hilo Bay?s beach actually swim there.

These conditions in Hilo Bay led former Mayor Harry Kim to contact the U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in January, 2005, and request assistance to ?improve

the water quality and circulation of Hilo Bay.? USACE proposed and agreed to develop

a computer circulation model to investigate whether modifications to the breakwater ?or

other alternatives will improve the water quality? of Hilo Bay. However, their original

plans did not include measuring water quality parameters (nutrients, turbidity) within the

Bay under different conditions [non-storm (baseflow) vs. storm]. University of Hawaii at

Hilo (UHH) Marine Science Department agreed to collaborate with Hawaii County in

conjunction with USACE to collect essential water quality data that would: 1) allow for a

better understanding of the relationship between water quality and circulation within Hilo

Bay, and 2) be used in the USACE computer model to accurately assess whether

potential modifications to the breakwater would improve water quality.

To accomplish these goals, UHH Marine Science Department collected water

samples from the Wailuku and Wailoa Rivers, as well as from Hilo Bay (both inside and

outside the breakwater) under baseflow and storm conditions from January 2007 through

February 2008. Water samples were analyzed for total dissolved nitrogen (TDN),

ammonium (NH

), nitrate plus nitrite (NO

+ NO

), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP),

phosphate (PO

), silicic acid (H

SiO

), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total

suspended solids (TSS), particulate carbon (PC), particulate nitrogen (PN), turbidity, pH,

and chlorophyll a (Chl a). Additionally, at all stations within Hilo Bay, depth profiles of

salinity, specific conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, and percent

dissolved oxygen saturation, as well as light attenuation were measured. To assess and

compare inputs from the Wailuku and Wailoa Rivers to Hilo Bay under these different

conditions, instantaneous yields were calculated for nutrients and TSS.

Of the parameters measured in this study, NO

+NO

, turbidity, and Chl a were

more closely examined for this report. We focused on these parameters because they

have been either documented or suspected to exceed the Hawaii Department of Health?s

(HDOH) water quality standards and have contributed to Hilo Bay?s listing on the

USEPA?s 303(d) list. Additionally, changes in either NO

+NO

and/or turbidity affect

Chl a concentrations, a proxy for algal biomass and a parameter often used to assess

whether a biological response to pollution inputs in estuaries is occurring.

The highest NO

+NO

concentrations measured in Hilo Bay were following

storms, and under these conditions, NO

+NO

concentrations consistently exceeded

HDOH?s standards. Across all stations sampled, NO

+NO

concentrations were ~1.5

times higher following storms than during baseflow conditions. Under storm conditions,

the largest surface water source of NO

+NO

to Hilo Bay was from the Wailoa River

and the highest NO

+NO

concentrations in the Bay were measured within the Wailoa

River plume. This pattern was also observed during baseflow conditions, where

instantaneous NO

+NO

yields were 18 times greater from the Wailoa River than from

the Wailuku River, and NO

+NO

concentrations within the Wailoa River plume were

consistently higher than those measured within the Wailuku River plume and at stations

outside of the breakwater.

The high NO

+NO

concentrations measured in the Wailoa River and its plume

in Hilo Bay most likely stem from the land use within this watershed. Approximately

15% of the Wailoa River?s drainage area is comprised of low- and high-intensity

development and agriculture as compared to ~1% for the Wailuku River?s watershed.

Cesspools and septic tanks are likely the dominant sources of NO

+NO

to the Wailoa

River, as only 30 to 40% of Hilo is connected to the sewer line, and the majority of

homes are located within this watershed. Other possible anthropogenic sources of NO

+NO

include livestock waste and fertilizers from agricultural lands, although

contributions from these sources are likely small as the extent and intensity of

agricultural activities are relatively low in this watershed.

Similar to the NO

+NO

concentrations, turbidity levels were greatest in Hilo

Bay following storms. Under these conditions, turbidity levels consistently exceeded

HDOH?s standards. The largest surface water source of turbidity

to Hilo Bay during

storms was the Wailuku River and the highest turbidity levels were measured within the

Wailuku River plume. In contrast, during baseflow conditions, turbidity levels were

comparable between the Wailuku and Wailoa River plumes in Hilo Bay and were lower

than HDOH?s embayment standard. Turbidity levels in Hilo Bay were also consistently

higher inside the breakwater than outside during both storm and baseflow conditions,

with the greatest differences observed during storms.

Our study shows that turbidity levels in Hilo Bay are significantly correlated to

the Wailuku River?s discharge and are affected by the presence of the breakwater. High

turbidity levels in the Wailuku River most likely stem from the watershed?s high relief

and its greater percentage of barren land compared to the Wailoa River?s watershed.

Additionally, the higher turbidity inside the breakwater suggests that the breakwater acts

as a partial barrier that prevents particles from being rapidly flushed outside of the Bay.

However, within three days following peak storm discharge from the Wailuku River,

turbidity levels inside Hilo Bay dropped below HDOH?s embayment standards,

suggesting that suspended sediments were rapidly exported out of the Bay and/or settled

to the seafloor.

In contrast to NO

+NO

and turbidity, Chl a concentrations were highest in Hilo

Bay during baseflow conditions, particularly during the dry, summer months. The

highest Chl a concentrations were measured at stations inside the breakwater furthest

from the mouths of the Wailuku and Wailoa Rivers. All of the stations sampled inside

the breakwater had Chl a concentrations that exceeded the HDOH?s embayment standard

on two up to six of the eight baseflow sampling days in this study. Additionally, the two

stations sampled outside the breakwater had concentrations two to three times lower than

those measured inside the breakwater, but often higher than HDOH?s standard for open

coastal waters.

Nutrient availability, warmer water temperatures, and increased water clarity, as

well as reduced grazing pressure can result in higher Chl a concentrations in coastal

waters. Nutrient availability does not appear to be the primary factor limiting algal

biomass in Hilo Bay over the annual scale, as nutrient concentrations are highest

following storms when Chl a concentrations are lowest. However, nutrient availability

does appear to enhance primary production in Hilo Bay, as the highest Chl a

concentrations were measured within the Wailoa River plume, the region of the Bay with

the highest NO

+ NO

concentrations. Probable factors affecting Chl a concentrations

were water clarity, salinity, and residence time, as the water is less turbid, salinity

fluctuations are minimal, and water residence time is longer during baseflow conditions.

It is unlikely that grazer abundance limited Chl a concentrations during baseflow

conditions as water residence time in Hilo Bay was greater and the likelihood that

zooplankton would be flushed outside of the Bay was lower.

Following storms, Chl a concentrations inside Hilo Bay were 93% lower than

those measured during baseflow conditions, often below detection limits and the

HDOH?s embayment standard. No phytoplankton blooms were detected in Hilo Bay

five days after a storm event for the four storms sampled; however, it is possible we may

have missed a bloom if it occurred after our sampling effort. Low Chl a concentrations

in Hilo Bay following storms were most likely a function of the phytoplankton cells

being washed out of the Bay, diluted by the increased terrestrial material discharged into

the Bay from the Wailuku and Wailoa Rivers, light-limitation from the suspended

particles in the water column, and stress from salinity fluctuations.

Our study suggests that of the pollutants we measured, NO

+NO

is having the

greatest impact on Hilo Bay?s water quality. The highest NO

+NO

concentrations were

measured in the Wailoa River and its plume, where they consistently and often exceeded

the HDOH standards, respectively. A biological response to these NO

+NO

inputs into

Hilo Bay does appear to be occurring as the highest Chl a concentrations were measured

PROJECT OVERVIEW

Hilo Bay waters have exceeded state water quality standards since the late 1970s

and were formally included on the United States Environmental Protection Agency?s

(USEPA) 303(d) list of impaired water bodies in 1998 (Koch et al. 2004). Parameters

exceeding standards include turbidity, nutrients, and fecal bacterial indicators. The

listing of Hilo Bay for turbidity and nutrients has been determined solely by visual

assessment and not by direct measurements of these parameters.

Since Hilo Bay has been designated as an impaired water body by the USEPA,

Hawaii County has been committed to improving and restoring its ecosystem and water

quality. Correspondence from former Mayor Harry Kim to the Army Corps of Engineers

(USACE), dated January 20, 2005, requested assistance to ?improve the water quality

and circulation of Hilo Bay.? It was proposed that USACE develop a computer

circulation model to investigate whether modifications to the breakwater ?or other

alternatives will improve the water quality? of Hilo Bay. The USACE agreed to develop

a computer model to assess alternatives to improving water circulation within the Bay

(USACE 2009); however, their original plans did not include measuring water quality

parameters (turbidity, nutrients) within the Bay under different conditions [non-storm

(baseflow) vs. storm]. University of Hawaii at Hilo (UHH) Marine Science Department

agreed to collaborate with Hawaii County in conjunction with USACE to collect essential

water quality data that would 1) allow for a better understanding of the relationship

between water quality and circulation within Hilo Bay, and 2) be used in the USACE

computer model to accurately assess whether potential modifications to the breakwater

would improve water quality (USACE 2009).

It is assumed that if circulation within Hilo Bay is enhanced, water quality will

improve; to date, the relationship between circulation and water quality has not been

established. More importantly, the source of turbidity, nutrients, and fecal bacterial

indicators within the Hilo Bay watershed, as well as, the response of the Bay to these

pollutants under base- and stormflow conditions are unknown. The potential

effectiveness of remediation actions to improve the Hilo Bay?s water quality, like

modifying the breakwater, cannot be evaluated without knowledge about how the Bay

functions. To understand how Hilo Bay functions as an ecosystem, water quality and

circulation data are needed for the Bay, as well as water quality and discharge data for the

rivers draining into the Bay. For this project, UHH collected baseline data on suspended

sediment and nutrient inputs to Hilo Bay to assess its response to these inputs under

baseflow and storm conditions. This information along with USACE circulation data

will allow Hawaii County to identify the best and most cost-effective remediation actions

to improve Hilo Bay?s water quality.

BACKGROUND

In Hawaii, there is a tremendous economic reliance on the quality and health of

coastlines. Hence, it is imperative that the fate and potential impacts of terrestrial inputs

to coastal waters are quantified. Hilo Bay is an important wildlife and fishery area

(HDOH 2000). It is also one of the longest, most accessible and least used sand beaches

on the Island of Hawaii (Hawaii Island Journal 2004). However, only 10% of the people

who actually use this beach swim there (USEPA 2002), which stems from the fact that

Hilo Bay is thought to suffer from high turbidity and excessive nutrients. In fact, Hilo

Bay has been listed by Hawaii?s Department of Health (HDOH) and USEPA as one of

the seven most troubled watersheds in the state of Hawaii, having water quality below

state and federal standards. Clearly, more information on the water quality of the rivers

draining into Hilo Bay, as well as, the Bay itself, is needed for better management of this

ecosystem.

Surprisingly, very little water quality data are available for Hilo Bay in contrast to

other Hawaiian estuaries like Kaneohe Bay. Reports are scarce and only one peer-

reviewed paper exists for Hilo Bay (Hallacher et al. 1985). Most water quality data for

Hilo Bay are from consultant reports for Environmental Assessments (EA) and

Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) from USACE evaluations, and monitoring by

HDOH and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) (Silvius et al. 2005). However,

these studies were not designed to evaluate how Hilo Bay functions under different

conditions (i.e., baseflow vs. storms).

The Hilo Bay watershed has one of the highest precipitation rates on the Hawaiian

Islands, ranging from 304.8 cm on the coast to 609.6 cm at the upper elevations annually

(Juvik & Juvik 1998). Hence, it is no surprise that the amount of freshwater entering

Hilo Bay is far greater than any other Hawaiian estuary. Surface waters are primarily

discharged into Hilo Bay from the Wailuku and Wailoa Rivers. The Wailuku River is the

largest perennial river in the state and the largest source of surface water to Hilo Bay.

The average daily flow of water from the Wailuku River into Hilo Bay is 1 million cubic

meters (range: 40 thousand - 7 billion m

/d; M & E Pacific 1980). In contrast, the Wailoa

River is a groundwater-fed, flood-control channel that discharges into Waiakea Pond

prior to entering Hilo Bay. Waiakea Pond is the single largest source of groundwater into

Hilo Bay (M & E Pacific 1980). It is estimated that 1.8 million cubic meters of

groundwater enters the Bay from this area daily (M & E Pacific 1980). Surprisingly,

little is known about the inputs of sediments and nutrients from these rivers. Inputs of

sediments and nutrients from the Wailuku River were measured by UHH from 2005

through 2006 (Wiegner et al. in press). From 2003 to 2006, the USGS quantified storm

inputs of sediments and nutrients from Waiakea and Alenio Streams (both feed into

Wailoa River) to Hilo Bay as a part of HDOH total daily maximum load (TMDL)

program (Presley et al. 2007). Response of Hilo Bay to these inputs is presently

unknown.

Much of the concern surrounding Hilo Bay?s water quality stems from the fact

that Hilo Bay?s

waters are not

clear. High-relief

drainage and

intense rainfall in

Hilo Bay?s

watershed may

contribute to

naturally high sediment loads observed in the rivers during storms. It is suspected that

the Wailuku River delivers the majority of sediments to Hilo Bay during storms and is

the reason behind the poor water clarity in the Bay (Silvius et al. 2005). Preliminary data

from UHH has found that turbidity is 10 times higher in Wailuku River (average �S.E.,

10.29 �3.33 NTU) than Wailoa River (1.33 �0.33 NTU) during storms in October and

Oct 26

Nov 2

Nov 9

Figure 1. Comparison of average (�S.E.) turbidity values in the Wailuku and Wailoa Rivers in Hilo, HI,
over different rainfall amounts. Rainfall data was obtained from

http://www.prh.noaa.gov/

hnl/pages

/hiclimate.php. Rainfall amounts were calculated using data from two days prior to sampling.
Turbidity data were collected during MARE 350 class during Fall 2005 semester.

Turbi

d
it

y
(N

)

a
inf
a
ll

(

c
m)

Wailuku
Wailoa

Rainfall

November 2005 (Fig. 1). Currently, it is not known how long the Bay?s waters stay turbid

following a storm and whether these suspended sediment inputs impact the ecosystem.

Another possible factor contributing to the low water clarity in Hilo Bay are algal

blooms. Algal blooms

result when nutrients and

sunlight are prevalent and

their presence gives coastal

waters a greenish tint. As

previously mentioned, the

USEPA 303(d) impaired

listing for Hilo Bay for excessive nutrients was based solely on visual assessment. From

these assessments, it was assumed that Hilo Bay had high nutrient concentrations because

the water had ?a greenish tint?, resulting from suspected algal blooms (Silvius et al.

2005). Actual nutrient and chlorophyll a (Chl a) data for Hilo Bay are scarce.

Preliminary data from UHH indicates that nitrate + nitrite concentrations are five times

greater in the Wailoa (26.01 �1.91 �M) than the Wailuku River (2.28 �0.48 �M) (Fig. 2),

suggesting that Wailoa may be the primary surface water source of nutrients to Hilo Bay

(UHH MARE 350 unpublished data). The effect of these nutrient inputs to Hilo Bay has

not been assessed yet.

To date, the temporal scale over which the few turbidity and nutrient samples

were collected is inadequate to characterize the range of conditions experienced in Hilo

Bay. It is assumed that inputs of suspended sediments and nutrients to Hilo Bay are high

during storms; however, these events have not been historically targeted. Current

+ N

(�M)

Figure 2. Comparison of average (�S.E.) nitrate + nitrite concentrations in the Wailuku and
Wailoa Rivers, Hilo, HI, over October 19, October 26, November 2, and November 9. Data
were collected by the MARE 350 class during Fall 2005 semester.

Wailuku

Wailoa

research efforts by UHH and USGS are beginning to quantify storm inputs of suspended

sediments and nutrients into Hilo Bay from the Wailuku River, Alenio Stream, and

Waiakea Stream (Presley et al. 2007; Wiegner et al. in press). Information on how Hilo

Bay responds to storms over temporal and spatial scales is not known. Storm inputs of

nutrients are thought to stimulate algal blooms; however, no direct measurements have

verified this. Additionally, the importance of these algal blooms as a food source to

higher trophic levels, like commercially and recreationally important fish, is unknown.

In 2005, a restoration plan for Hilo Bay summarized the state of knowledge on

Hilo Bay and its watershed (Silvius et al. 2005). It also made recommendations for

future studies that would collect critical data needed to identify ?troubled? areas, which

would then allow for remediation and restoration plans to be developed. Some of the

projects that the Hilo Bay Restoration Plan (Silvius et al. 2005) recommended were: 1)

identification of suspended sediment and nutrient sources to Hilo Bay from surface

waters under base- and stormflow conditions, 2) collection of baseline chemical and

ecological data to substantiate visual assessment of nutrients (making direct

measurements of nutrient and Chl a concentrations), 3) examination of the response of

algae in Hilo Bay to base- and stormflow conditions, and 4) scientific coordination

among research groups to ensure that samples are continuously and constantly gathered,

without interruptions or changes in protocols, and with much better spatial coverage than

provided by previous studies.

The following study conducted by UHH collected critical baseline data for Hilo Bay.

These data are: 1) essential for understanding how the Bay functions under baseflow and

storm conditions, 2) recommended by the Hilo Bay Restoration Plan (Silvius et al. 2005),

3) needed to develop a successful and cost effective restoration plan, and 4) required to

evaluate whether potential modification of the breakwater by USACE will improve Hilo

Bay?s water quality (USACE 2009).

Deliverables from this project to Hawaii County and USACE are: 1) nutrient and

suspended sediment data from Hilo Bay and its watershed in formats compatible with

USACE inputs to water quality numerical models and 2) a draft and final report

documenting nutrient and suspended sediment collection, meteorological data for sample

collection periods, a description of nutrient and suspended sediment concentration trends

for each collection period, and a summary/conclusion of sampling results.

METHODS

Experimental design: This study examined how storms affect water quality

(nutrients, suspended sediments, Chl a) in Hilo Bay by comparing conditions in the Bay

before and following a storm. A similar design was successfully used by Ringuet &

Mackenzie (2005) to evaluate the effects of storms on water quality and phytoplankton in

southern Kaneohe Bay, Oahu.

Site description: Hilo Bay is a salt-wedge estuary located on the northeast side of

Hawaii Island, Hawaii, USA. Approximately 9 km of the estuary?s perimeter is bordered

by land, while the outer margin is defined by a 3-km long breakwater running east to

west with a 1.5 km wide opening to the Pacific Ocean. The partially enclosed Bay has a

nearly 6.4 km

surface area (Paquay et al. 2007), and ranges in depth from 0 to 15 m.

Hilo Bay?s watershed is the largest in the state of Hawaii (Juvik & Juvik 1998), and its

surface water inputs are dominated by two rivers, the Wailuku River watershed to the

north, and the Wailoa River watershed to the south. The Wailuku River watershed is the

largest watershed in the state of Hawaii, encompassing 576 km

with headwaters starting

near 3,500 m in elevation on the slopes of Mauna Kea, the largest mountain in the world

(Juvik & Juvik 1998). The Wailoa River watershed encompasses 481 km

with

headwaters starting near 762 m in elevation on the slopes of Mauna Loa, the most

massive mountain in the world (Juvik & Juvik 1998). Average annual precipitation in the

two watersheds ranges from 50 to 600 cm of rain per year (Juvik & Juvik 1998). Both

the Wailuku and Wailoa Rivers? watersheds are dominated by grasslands, evergreen

forest, and scrub/shrub lands; however, the Wailoa River flows through a more

anthropogenically impacted landscape compared to the Wailuku River, where ~15% of

its land use within the riparian zone is low- and high-intensity developed and cultivated

lands (Table 1) (Mead & Wiegner submitted).

For this project, eight stations were sampled for nutrients, turbidity, and Chl a

(Fig. 3). Two stations were located in the freshwater portion of the Wailuku and Wailoa

Rivers (S1 and S4, respectively) to determine yields of dissolved and particulate

nutrients, as well as suspended sediments, entering Hilo Bay from surface water runoff.

Four stations were located inside the Bay, two along the Wailuku River plume (S2 and

S3) and two along the Wailoa River plume (S5 and S6). The station locations within the

Wailuku River plume are on a slight angle to the northwest of this river?s mouth because

previous studies have shown that the plume is deflected northwest in Hilo Bay (Dudley &

Hallacher 1991). Two ?control? sites were chosen outside of the Hilo Bay breakwater in

areas outside of the direct influence of the two rivers (C1 and C2). Latitude and

day prior to sampling the Bay stations. The stations in the Bay were then sampled for

five consecutive days; this time frame was selected based on previous findings from

Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, where phytoplankton bloomed three to five days following a storm

(Ringuet & Mackenzie 2005). Data for winds and waves were taken from National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration?s (NOAA) National Weather Service for

Marine Forecasts in Big Island Windward Waters (http://weather.noaa.gov/cgi-

bin/fmtbltn.pl?file=forecasts/marine/coastal/ph/phz122.txt). Rainfall data were taken

from NOAA?s National Climatic Data Center for station #511492 at the Hilo

International Airport (http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgiwin/wwcgi.dll?wwDI~Stn

Srch~StnID~20023247) (Table 3). Tide data were taken from published tide tables for

the Hilo area (http://www.freetidetables.com/sid/7760bcb8).

Sample collection: Surface water samples from all sample stations were collected in

a plastic bucket, pre-rinsed with sample water, placed into triplicate 1-L acid-washed

high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles, and immediately placed on ice during

transport to the laboratory. Because the focus of this study was to evaluate water quality

in Hilo Bay before and after storms, surface water samples from the Bay were collected

because that is where river sediments and phytoplankton are concentrated due to density

stratification (Dudley & Hallacher 1991). Additionally, at the Bay and control stations,

depth profiles of salinity, specific conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen

concentration, and percent dissolved oxygen saturation, as well as light attenuation, were

measured using a multi-parameter meter (YSI 85) and an underwater quantum sensor (Li-

Cor LI-192), respectively.

Sample processing: At the laboratory, a known volume of water from the samples

was filtered through pre-combusted (500� C, 6 h), pre-weighed, GF/F filters (Whatman)

and frozen until analysis for dissolved nutrients. The filters used here were then dried to

a constant weight at 70?C for total suspended solids (TSS), particulate carbon (PC), and

particulate nitrogen (PN) determination. Additionally, a known volume of water was

filtered through another filter which was stored frozen in the dark for Chl a analysis.

Aliquots of water from each sample were allowed to reach room temperature, and

analyzed for pH (Hanna HI 991301) and turbidity (Hach 2100P Turbidimeter).

Analytical methods: Filtered nutrient samples were analyzed for total dissolved

nitrogen (TDN), ammonium (NH

), nitrate plus nitrite (NO

+ NO

), total dissolved

phosphorus (TDP), phosphate (PO

), silicic acid (H

SiO

), and dissolved organic carbon

(DOC). NH

[USGS I-2525, detection limit (d.l.) 1 �M], NO

+ NO

(USEPA 353.4,

d.l. 0.1 �M), TDP (USGS I-4650-03, d.l. 0.1 �M), PO

(USEPA 365.5, d.l. 0.1 �M),

and H

SiO

(USEPA 366, d.l. 5 �M) were analyzed on a Technicon Pulse II

Autoanalyzer. TDN was analyzed by high-temperature combustion, followed by

chemiluminescent detection of nitric oxide (Shimadzu TOC-V, TNM-1). Dissolved

organic nitrogen (DON) was determined from the difference between TDN and dissolved

inorganic nitrogen (DIN = NH

+ NO

). DOC was measured by high-

temperature combustion (Shimadzu TOC-V, TNM-1) following the recommendations of

Sharp et al. (2002). All nutrient samples were analyzed within two weeks of collection.

Dried filters were reweighed for TSS determination (APHA et al. 1995) and subsequently

analyzed for PC and PN on a CHN analyzer (Costech Analytical Technologies). Frozen

filters were processed according to USEPA method 445.0 for Chl a and analyzed on a

Turner 10-AU fluorometer.

River yield calculations: Daily yields from Wailuku and Wailoa Rivers to Hilo

Bay for each sampling date were calculated from the product of nutrient or suspended

sediment concentrations and river discharge divided by the drainage area for each river.

Daily discharge for the Wailuku River was obtained from USGS website for gage station

# 16704000 (http://waterdata.usgs.gov/hi/nwis/dv/?site_no=16704000&referred

_module=sw) (Table 3). Discharge calculations for the Wailoa River were made by

multiplying the measured cross-sectional area of the river by the calculated river velocity

(Gore 1996; Table 3). River velocity was calculated using the time of travel for a

neutrally buoyant marker placed in the flow of the river over a measured distance (Gore

1996).

RESULTS

From January 2007 through February of 2008, eight baseflow and four storms

were sampled. In this report, we summarize concentrations of parameters monitored by

HDOH (Table 4) and provide the remaining data requested by the USACE in both tables

and appendices. To assess the state of water quality in Hilo Bay during base- and

stormflow conditions, water quality parameters measured in this study were graphed with

HDOH?s standards (Figs. 4 - 26). Note, however, our study was not designed to evaluate

water quality compliance.

River yields: TDN yields were almost six times higher in the Wailoa River

(15.83 �2.37 mol km

-2

-1

) as compared to the Wailuku River (2.69 �1.33 mol km

-2

-1

)

during baseflow conditions; yet, during storms, yields from the two rivers were

comparable (Wailoa: 33.25 �4.67 mol km

-2

-1

and Wailuku: 32.78 �8.40 mol km

-2

-1

)

(Table 5). NH

yields were 1.4 times higher from the Wailoa River (0.41 �0.15 mol

-2

-1

) than the Wailuku River (0.29 �0.10 mol km

-2

-1

) during baseflow conditions;

however, during storms, NH

yields from the Wailuku River increased by an order of

magnitude (2.46 �0.84 mol km

-2

-1

) and were almost four times greater than the storm

yields from the Wailoa River (0.66 �0.35 mol km

-2

-1

) (Table 5). NO

+NO

yields

were approximately 18 times greater from the Wailoa River (14.02 �3.20 mol km

-2

-1

)

than from the Wailuku River (0.79 �0.14 mol km

-2

-1

) during baseflow conditions. A

similar pattern for NO

+NO

yields was also observed during storms, where yields from

the Wailoa River (21.57 �5.03 mol km

-2

-1

) were almost double of that from the Wailuku

River (11.96 �2.11 mol km

-2

-1

); however, increases in the NO

+NO

yields from base-

to stormflow from the Wailoa River (increased 1.5 times) were an order of magnitude

smaller than increases measured from the Wailuku River (increased 15 times) (Table 5).

TDP yields from the Wailoa River (0.22 �0.13 mol km

-2

-1

) were almost six times higher

than those measured from the Wailuku River (0.04 �0.02 mol km

-2

-1

) during baseflow

conditions; however, during storms, TDP yields from the Wailuku River (0.08 �0.05 mol

-2

-1

) were almost three times higher than yields from the Wailoa River (0.03 �0.03

mol km

-2

-1

) (Table 5). TSS yields were approximately three times higher in the Wailoa

River (0.29 �0.12 kg km

-2

-1

) compared to the Wailuku River (0.10 �0.04 kg km

-2

-1

)

during baseflow conditions; yet, during storms, TSS yields from the Wailuku increased

by 230 times (23.61 �13.43 kg km

-2

-1

) and were an order of magnitude greater than

yields from the Wailoa River (2.03 �1.81 kg km

-2

-1

) (Table 5).

Baseflow conditions: TDN

concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay

itself ranged from 2.99 to 61.13 �M, with the lowest and highest concentrations

measured in the mouth of the Wailuku River (S2) (Table 6). TDN

concentrations in the

Wailuku River (S1) ranged from 5.28 to 52.93 ?M and averaged 12.43 �3.21 �M, which

were two times lower than concentrations measured at the Wailoa River (S4) (range:

14.23 to 38.36 ?M, average: 29.82 �1.48 �M). TDN concentrations in the Wailoa River

were consistently higher than HDOH?s dry season standards for rivers during baseflow

conditions, whereas concentrations measured in the Wailuku River were below the

standard except on 5/03/2007 (Fig. 4). Inside Hilo Bay, TDN

concentrations ranged from

2.99 to 61.13 �M and averaged 13.91 �1.57 �M, with the lowest concentrations in front

of the Wailuku River (S2 and S3) and highest in front of the Wailoa River (S5) (Table 6).

Three of the four stations (S2, S3, and S6) within the Bay had TDN

concentrations below

HDOH?s standards for embayments, except on 5/03/2007 (Fig. 7). In contrast, TDN

concentrations in front of the Wailoa River mouth (S5) exceeded the HDOH?s standards

on five of the eight days sampled (Fig. 7). TDN

concentrations at the control stations (C1

and C2) ranged from 3.67 to 54.65 �M and averaged 11.93 �2.33 �M (Table 6). At both

control stations on seven of the eight days sampled, TDN concentrations were below

HDOH?s standards for open coastal waters (Fig. 7). Like at the inner Bay stations, TDN

concentrations at both control sites exceeded the HDOH?s standards for open coastal

waters on 5/03/2007 (Fig. 7).

concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged from

non-detectable (n.d.) at several stations to 3.24 �M (Table 6). The average NH

concentration in the Wailuku River (S1) was 1.9 times higher than that measured in the

Wailoa River (S4). NH

concentrations in the Wailuku River (S1) ranged from 0.21 to

3.24 ?M and averaged 1.30 �0.24 �M. In the Wailoa River (S4), NH

concentrations

ranged from n.d. to 1.55 ?M and averaged 0.68 �0.13 �M. In comparison, NH

concentrations inside Hilo Bay ranged from n.d. to 1.80 �M and averaged 0.21 �0.05

�M. All four stations within the Bay had NH

concentrations exceeding HDOH?s

standards for embayments on one or two of the eight sampling days (Tables 4 and 6).

However, for the majority of the sampling days, NH

concentrations at these stations

inside the Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) were below detection limits (Table 6). NH

concentrations at the control stations (C1 and C2) were below detection limits for seven

of the eight sampling days. On the eighth sampling date (11/08/2007), both control

stations were between 2.8 and 3.3 times higher than the HDOH?s standards for open

coastal waters (Tables 4 and 6). However, like the stations within the Bay, NH

was

below detection limits for most sampling dates and therefore below HDOH?s standards.

+ NO

concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged

from n.d. outside the breakwater to 37.86 �M in the Wailoa River mouth (S5) (Table 6).

In comparison to the pattern observed for NH

, average NO

+ NO

concentrations were

7.7 times higher in the Wailoa River (S4) than in the Wailuku River (S1) (Fig. 5). In the

Wailuku River (S1), NO

+ NO

concentrations ranged from 1.81 to 5.48 ?M and

averaged 3.68 �0.25 �M. In the Wailoa River (S4), NO

+ NO

concentrations ranged

from 2.18 to 37.86 ?M and averaged 28.51 �2.20 �M. NO

+ NO

concentrations inside

Hilo Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) ranged from 0.15 to 26.29 ?M and averaged 5.17 �0.68

�M. The highest NO

+ NO

concentrations inside Hilo Bay were observed at the two

stations within the Wailoa River plume (S5 and S6) (Fig. 8). On all sampling dates, NO

+ NO

concentrations at one or more stations inside Hilo Bay were above HDOH?s

standards for embayments, with the highest concentration measured being ~ 46 times

higher than HDOH?s standard (Fig. 8). Average NO

+ NO

concentrations at the control

stations were 0.41 �0.09 �M and 1.14 �0.37 ?M for C1 and C2, respectively. On four to

five of the eight sampling days at one or both control stations, NO

+ NO

concentrations

exceeded HDOH?s standard for open coastal waters (Tables 4 and 6).

TDP and PO

concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged

from n.d. to 1.44 �M and n.d. to 0.27 �M, respectively (Table 6). In the Wailuku River

(S1), TDP concentrations ranged from n.d. to 0.83 �M and averaged 0.19 �0.06 ?M.

concentrations were only above detection limits once, and averaged 0.00 �0.00 ?M.

In the Wailoa River (S4), TDP concentrations ranged from n.d. to 1.28 ?M and averaged

0.32 �0.10 ?M, while PO

concentrations ranged from n.d. to 0.27 ?M and averaged

0.07 �0.02 ?M. TDP concentrations inside the Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) ranged from n.d.

to 1.44 �M and averaged 0.17 �0.05 ?M (Table 6). On the first baseflow sampling date

(3/14/2007), all stations inside Hilo Bay were above the HDOH?s standard for

embayments (Tables 4 and 6); however, this occurred only once during our study. PO

concentrations were only above detection limits twice, and averaged 0.01 �0.00 ?M at all

stations inside Hilo Bay (Table 6). The average TDP concentrations at the control

stations were similar to one another, with overall averages of 0.13 �0.09 ?M and 0.10

�0.05 ?M for C1 and C2, respectively. Similar to stations within Hilo Bay, both control

stations had concentrations above the HDOH?s standard for open coastal waters on the

first baseflow sampling date, but never at any other time during the study (Tables 4 and

6). PO

concentrations were never above the detection limit or above the HDOH?s

standard for open coastal waters at any time during our study at the control stations

(Tables 4 and 6).

Turbidity levels in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged from 0.10 to

1.40 NTU (Table 6). In the Wailuku River (S1), turbidity levels ranged from 0.30 to 1.40

NTU and averaged 0.75 �0.09 NTU (Fig. 6). In the Wailoa River (S4), turbidity levels

ranged from 0.10 to 0.54 NTU, averaged 0.25 �0.03 NTU, and were three times lower

than those measured in the Wailuku River (Fig. 6, Table 6). Turbidity levels inside the

Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) ranged from 0.21 to 1.38 NTU and averaged 0.72 �0.03 NTU

(Table 6). On all sampling dates, turbidity levels at the stations inside Hilo Bay were

below the HDOH?s standard for embayments (Fig. 9). Average turbidity levels at the

control stations were nearly identical, with overall averages of 0.26 �0.03 NTU and 0.26

�0.02 NTU for C1 and C2, respectively. Turbidity levels at the control stations were 1.4

times lower than those measured inside the breakwater. Additionally, turbidity levels

measured at the two control stations were lower than the HDOH?s standard for open

coastal waters during all of the baseflow sampling dates (Tables 4 and 6).

Chl a concentrations in Hilo Bay ranged from 0.18 �g/L outside of the breakwater

to 23.19 �g/L at the Wailoa River mouth (S6) (Table 6). Chl a concentrations inside Hilo

Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) ranged from 0.23 to 23.19 �g/L and averaged 3.86 �0.57 �g/L.

The highest Chl a concentrations inside Hilo Bay were observed at the two stations

furthest from the mouths of Wailuku and Wailoa Rivers (S3 and S6) (Fig. 10). Chl a

concentrations inside Hilo Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) were above the HDOH?s standard for

embayments at all of the stations on two up to six of the eight sampling dates, with the

highest concentration measured being 15.5 times higher than HDOH?s standard (Fig. 10).

Chl a concentrations at the two control stations (C1 and C2) ranged from 0.18 to 3.53

�g/L and averaged 1.44 �0.16 �g/L (Table 6). On all but two sampling dates, these two

stations had Chl a concentrations that were 1.6 to 11.8 times higher than the HDOH?s

standard for open coastal waters (Tables 4 and 6).

Storm 1: Storm 1 was sampled between 1/10/2007 and 1/15/2007. Both the

Wailuku (S1) and Wailoa (S4) Rivers were sampled on the last day of the storm,

1/10/2007. The Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) and control (C1 and C2) stations were sampled

for the five days following the end of Storm 1, starting on 1/11/2007 and ending on

1/15/2007. The entire data set for Storm 1 is summarized in Table 7 and Appendices 1

through 6.

TDN concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged from

4.67 to 34.05 �M, with the lowest concentration measured in the Wailuku River plume

(S3) and the highest in the Wailoa River (S4) (Table 7). TDN

concentrations in the

Wailuku (S1) and Wailoa (S4) Rivers were 9.14 �1.29 ?M and 34.05 �1.15 ?M,

respectively, on 1/10/2007 - the last day of the storm (Fig. 4). Inside Hilo Bay, stations

within the Wailoa River plume (S5 and S6) had the highest TDN concentrations within

the Bay, ranging from 7.51 to 16.79 ?M. TDN concentrations at these two stations

peaked on day three and four following the storm, as river discharge decreased (Fig. 11).

TDN concentrations within the Wailuku River plume (S2 and S3) ranged from 4.67 to

7.97 ?M, were lower than concentrations within the Wailoa River plume (S5 and S6), and

peaked on day three and four following the storm (Fig. 11). TDN concentrations at the

control stations (C1 and C2) remained relatively constant for the five days following the

storm, and ranged from 5.11 to 6.78 ?M (Table 7). TDN concentrations at most Bay and

control stations were below the HDOH?s standards for embayments and open coastal

waters (Tables 4 and 7), respectively, following the storm, except for one or two days at

the two stations within the Wailoa River plume (S5 and S6) (Fig. 11).

concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged from

n.d. at most stations to 1.96 �M (Table 7). NH

concentrations in the Wailuku (S1) and

Wailoa (S4) Rivers were 0.21 �0.03 ?M and 0.35 �0.12 ?M, respectively, on 1/10/2007 -

the last day of the storm. NH

concentrations inside the Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) were

only above detection limits on the third day following the storm of (1/13/2007), and only

at the two stations within the Wailoa River plume (S5 and S6) (Table 7). NH

concentrations were

never higher than the HDOH?s standard for embayments, except for

the offshore station within the Wailoa River plume (S6) on third day following the storm

(1/13/2007) (Tables 4 and 7). Concentrations of NH

at the control stations (C1 and C2)

were never above detection limits on any of the days sampled or above the HDOH?s

standard for open coastal waters (Tables 4 and 7).

+ NO

concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged

from 0.61 �M at the one of the control stations to 19.55 �M at the Wailoa River (S4)

(Table 7). NO

+ NO

concentrations in the Wailuku and Wailoa Rivers were 5.05 �0.05

?M and 19.55 �3.00 ?M, respectively, on 1/10/2007- the last day of the storm (Fig. 5).

Stations in the Wailoa River plume (S5 and S6) had the highest concentrations within

Hilo Bay, ranging from 3.99 to 10.32 ?M. No consistent NO

+ NO

concentration

pattern was observed for these two stations over the five sampling days following the

storm (Fig. 12). In contrast, NO

+ NO

concentrations in the Wailuku River plume (S2

and S3) were generally lower than the stations within the Wailoa River plume (S5 and

S6), ranging from 0.92 to 5.48 ?M. Concentrations at stations S2 and S3 peaked on the

second day following the storm and declined through the fifth day (Fig. 12). NO

+ NO

concentrations at the control stations (C1 and C2) remained relatively constant for the

five days following the storm, and ranged from 0.61 to 2.73 ?M. NO

+ NO

concentrations at all the Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) and control (C1 and C2) stations were

always above the HDOH?s standards for embayments and open coastal waters,

respectively, during the sampling period for Storm 1 (Fig. 12, Tables 4 and 7).

TDP and PO

concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself were

only above detection limits at stations in the Wailoa River and within its plume (S4, S5,

and S6), ranging from n.d. to 0.53 ?M TDP and n.d. to 0.03 ?M PO

(Table 7). TDP

and PO

concentrations in the Wailoa (S4) River were 0.02 �0.01 ?M and 0.02 �0.02

?M, respectively, on the last day of the storm (1/10/2007). TDP and PO

concentrations

inside the Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) were only detectable at stations S5 and S6 and ranged

from n.d. to 0.53 ?M and n.d. to 0.03 ?M, respectively, across all Bay stations (Table 7).

TDP and PO

concentrations at these stations never exceeded HDOH?s standards for

embayments (Tables 4 and 7). At the control stations (C1 and C2), TDP and PO

concentrations were never above detection limits or exceeded the HDOH?s standards for

open coastal waters (Tables 4 and 7).

Turbidity levels in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged from 0.33 to

3.58 NTU (Table 7). Turbidity levels in the Wailuku (S1) and Wailoa (S4) Rivers were

1.36 �0.02 and 0.86 �0.04 NTU, respectively, on 01/10/2007- the last day of the storm

(Fig. 6). Turbidity levels inside the Bay ranged from 0.78 to 3.58 NTU, with the highest

values being recorded at the stations closest to the mouths of the rivers (S2 and S5). With

the exception of station S6, turbidity levels inside the Bay peaked on the second day

following the storm (1/12/2007) and generally decreased through the fifth day (Fig. 13).

The HDOH?s standard for embayments was exceeded primarily at station S2, which is

located at the mouth of the Wailuku River; however, by the fifth day of sampling

following the storm, all stations inside the Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) were below the

HDOH?s standard (Fig. 13). Turbidity levels at the control stations (C1 and C2) ranged

from 0.33 to 0.91 NTU and exceeded the HDOH?s standards for open coastal waters on

three to four of the five days sampled following the storm (Tables 4 and 7).

Chl a concentrations in Hilo Bay ranged from n.d. at two stations in Hilo Bay to

1.72 �g/L within the plume of the Wailoa River (S6) (Table 7). The Chl a concentrations

at stations inside Hilo Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) ranged from n.d. to 1.72 ?g/L, while

concentrations at the control stations (C1 and C2) ranged from n.d. to 1.31 ?g/L. With

the exception of station S6, all stations inside Hilo Bay and the control stations showed

the same pattern with respect to Chl a concentrations, where Chl a concentrations peaked

on the second day following the storm, with concentrations decreasing on the third day

and remaining relatively constant from the third through the fifth day (Fig. 14). Chl a

concentrations at the two stations within the Wailuku River plume (S2 and S3) and the

near-shore station within the Wailoa River plume (S5) never exceeded the HDOH?s Chl a

standard for embayment waters during the five day period following the storm (Fig. 14).

In contrast, the station within the Wailoa River plume furthest from the river mouth (S6)

and the two control stations (C1 and C2) had Chl a concentrations that exceed the

HDOH?s standards for embayments and open coastal waters, respectively (Fig. 14,

Tables 4 and 7). In particular, Chl a concentrations at station C2 exceed the HDOH?s

standard for open coastal waters on all five sampling days following the storm (Tables 4

and 7).

Storm 2: Storm 2 was sampled between 3/01/2007 and 3/06/2007. Both the

Wailuku (S1) and Wailoa (S4) Rivers were sampled on the last day of the storm on

3/01/2007. The stations inside Hilo Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) and the control stations (C1

and C2) were sampled for the five days following the end of Storm 2 from 3/02/2007

through 3/06/2007. All data for Storm 2 are summarized in Table 8 and Appendices 1

through 6.

TDN concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged from

6.92 to 29.40 �M, with the lowest concentration measured at one of the control stations

(C1) and the highest in the Wailoa River plume (S5) (Table 8). TDN

concentrations in the

Wailuku (S1) and Wailoa (S4) Rivers were 7.97 �0.83 ?M and 29.31 �1.86 ?M,

respectively, on 3/01/2007 - the last day of the storm (Fig. 4). Inside Hilo Bay, stations

within the Wailoa River plume (S5 and S6) had the highest TDN concentrations, ranging

from 20.08 to 29.40 ?M (Table 8). TDN concentrations at these two stations peaked on

day three and four following the storm, as river discharge decreased (Fig. 15). TDN

concentrations at stations within the Wailuku River plume (S2 and S3) were generally

lower than the stations within the Wailoa River plume (S5 and S6), ranging from 7.85 to

17.22 ?M (Table 8), and peaking on the fifth day following the storm (Fig. 15). TDN

concentrations at the control stations (C1 and C2) ranged from 6.92 to 12.00 ?M and

were generally lower than concentrations measured within the two river plumes (Fig. 15).

TDN concentrations at the two stations in the Wailoa River plume exceeded the HDOH?s

standards for embayments on all of the days following the storm; in contrast, none of the

stations within the Wailuku River plume exceeded this HDOH?s standard (Fig. 15). On

only one day at both control stations (C1 and C2) did TDN concentrations exceed the

HDOH?s standard for open coastal waters (Tables 4 and 8).

concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged from

n.d. at most stations to 0.90 �M (Table 8). NH

concentrations in the Wailuku (S1) and

Wailoa (S4) Rivers were 0.36 �0.05 ?M and 0.41 �0.08 ?M, respectively, on the last day

of the storm - 3/01/2007. Stations inside Hilo Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) had NH

concentrations ranging from n.d. to 0.90

?M, with the highest concentrations observed at

stations S2 and S6 (Table 8). NH

concentrations that exceeded the HDOH?s standard

for embayments were only observed at stations S2 and S6 and their concentrations only

exceeded the standard on one or two of the days sampled following the storm (Tables 4

and 8). NH

concentrations at the control stations (C1 and C2) were never above

detection limits nor exceeded the HDOH?s standard for open coastal waters (Tables 4 and

8).

+ NO

concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged

from 0.44 �M at the one of the control stations to 24.38 �M in the Wailoa River (S4)

(Table 8). NO

+ NO

concentrations in the Wailuku (S1) and Wailoa (S4) Rivers were

2.46 �0.05 ?M and 24.38 �0.24 ?M, respectively (Fig. 5). Stations within the Wailuku

River plume (S2 and S3) had NO

+ NO

concentrations ranging from 1.53 to 8.73 ?M.

Concentrations at these stations remained relatively stable from the first through the

fourth day following the storm and then peaked on the fifth day (Fig. 16). Stations within

the Wailoa River plume (S5 and S6) had the highest NO

+ NO

concentrations within

Hilo Bay, ranging from 7.20 to 15.27 ?M (Fig. 16). The NO

+ NO

concentrations at

these two stations were three times higher than those measured at stations within the

Wailuku River plume (S2 and S3) (Table 8). NO

+ NO

concentrations at all stations

inside Hilo Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) were always above the HDOH?s standard for

embayments following the storm, with the highest concentration being ~ 27 times higher

than HDOH?s standard (Fig. 16). Similarly, NO

+ NO

concentrations at the control

(C1 and C2) stations remained relatively constant from the first through the fourth day

following the storm, and peaked on the fifth day (Fig. 16). Concentrations at the control

stations ranged from 0.44 to 2.73 ?M and always exceed the HDOH?s standard for open

coastal waters following the storm (Tables 4 and 8).

TDP and PO

concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged

from n.d. to 0.08 ?M and n.d. to 0.02 ?M, respectively (Table 8). In the Wailuku River

(S1), TDP and PO

concentrations averaged 0.02 �0.02 ?M and 0.01 �0.01 ?M,

respectively. In the Wailoa River (S4), TDP and PO

concentrations were rarely above

detection limits (Table 8). TDP and PO

concentrations ranged from n.d. to 0.08 ?M

and n.d. to 0.02 ?M, respectively, inside the Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6). Concentrations

for these two parameters were only detectable within the Wailoa River plume at stations

S5 and S6 and never exceeded HDOH?s standards for embayments following Storm 2 at

any of these stations (Tables 4 and 8). At the control stations (C1 and C2), TDP was

never above detection, and PO

concentrations were detectable only once, on the first

day after the storm (3/02/2007), at station C2 (Table 8). TDP and PO

concentrations at

the control stations never exceeded the HDOH?s standards for open coastal waters

following Storm 2 (Tables 4 and 8).

Turbidity levels in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged from 0.24 to

5.08 NTU (Table 8). Turbidity levels in the Wailuku (S1) and Wailoa (S4) Rivers were

5.08 �0.18 NTU and 3.13 �0.14 NTU, respectively, on the last day of the storm ?

3/01/2007 (Fig. 6). Turbidity levels inside the Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) peaked on the

first day following the storm and generally declined over the next four days (Fig. 17).

Inside Hilo Bay, turbidity levels ranged from 0.54 to 4.52 NTU, with the highest values

being recorded at the stations closest to the mouths of the rivers (S2 and S5) on the first

day after the storm. At the two stations inside the Wailuku River plume (S2 and S3),

turbidity levels exceeded the HDOH?s standard for embayments on day one through day

three following the storm (Fig. 17). At the stations within the Wailoa River plume (S5

and S6), turbidity levels exceed the HDOH?s standards for embayments only for one to

two days following the storm (Fig. 17). Turbidity levels at the control (C1 and C2)

stations ranged from 0.24 to 1.20 NTU and exceeded the HDOH?s standards for open

coastal waters on the first day following the storm for both stations, as well as for two

additional days at C1 (Tables 4 and 8).

Chl a concentrations ranged from n.d. at several station in Hilo Bay to 1.37 �g/L

within the Wailoa River plume (S5) (Table 8). Chl a concentrations inside the Bay (S2,

S3, S5, and S6) ranged from n.d. to 1.37 ?g/L, with a general increase in concentration

following the storm (Fig. 18). None of the stations inside Hilo Bay had Chl a

concentrations that exceeded the HDOH?s standard for embayment waters following the

storm (Fig. 18). At the control stations (C1 and C2), Chl a concentrations ranged from

n.d. to 0.46 ?g/L. Like at the stations inside Hilo Bay, Chl a concentrations at the control

stations generally increased following the storm (Fig. 18). Chl a concentrations at station

C2 never exceeded the HDOH?s standard for open coastal waters; however, station C1

had concentrations that exceeded the standard on three of the five days sampled

following the storm (Tables 4 and 8).

Storm 3: Storm 3 was sampled between 12/12/2007 and 12/17/2007. Both the

Wailuku (S1) and Wailoa (S4) Rivers were sampled on the last day of the storm on

12/12/2007. The stations inside Hilo Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) were sampled for the five

days following the end of the storm from 12/13/2007 through 12/17/2007. Due to a small

craft advisory, control stations (C1 and C2) were not sampled during Storm 3. All data

for Storm 3 are summarized in Table 9 and Appendices 1 through 6.

TDN concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged from

6.11 to 35.94 �M, with the lowest concentrations measured at the mouth of the Wailuku

River (S2) and the highest measured in the Wailoa River (S4) (Table 9). The average

TDN concentrations in the Wailuku and Wailoa Rivers were 8.09 �0.43 �M and 35.94

�0.18 �M, respectively, on the last day of the storm on 12/12/2007 (Fig. 4). Stations

inside Hilo Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) had TDN

concentrations ranging from 6.11 to 25.94

?M, with the highest concentrations observed at the mouth of the Wailoa River (S5) (Fig.

19). TDN concentrations within both rivers? plumes decreased as river discharge

increased (Fig. 19). TDN concentrations inside the Wailuku River plume (S2 and S3)

and at one station in the Wailoa River plume (S6) did not exceed the HDOH?s standard

for embayments following the storm (Fig. 19). In contrast, the station in front of the

Wailoa River mouth (S5) exceeded the HDOH?s standard for embayments on all five

days following the storm (Fig. 19).

concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged from

n.d. to 0.78 �M (Table 9). NH

concentrations in the Wailuku (S1) and Wailoa (S4)

Rivers were 0.78 �0.11 ?M and 0.20 �0.20 ?M, respectively, on the last day of the storm

on 12/12/2007. Stations inside Hilo Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) had NH

concentrations

ranging from n.d. to 0.47

?M, with the highest concentrations observed within the

Wailuku River plume at station S3 (Table 9). Only once did NH

concentrations inside

Hilo Bay exceed the HDOH?s standard for embayments; this occurred on the second day

after Storm 3 at station S3 (Tables 4 and 9).

+ NO

concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged

from 1.80 �M within the Wailuku River plume (S2) to 24.88 �M within the Wailoa River

plume (S5) (Table 9). NO

+ NO

concentrations in the Wailuku (S1) and Wailoa (S4)

Rivers were 2.67 �0.04 ?M and 19.00 �0.53 ?M, respectively (Fig. 5). Stations within

the Wailuku River plume (S2 and S3) had NO

+ NO

concentrations ranging from 1.80

to 4.05 ?M (Table 9). As with baseflow conditions and other storms sampled, stations

within the Wailoa River plume (S5 and S6) had the highest NO

+ NO

concentrations in

Hilo Bay, ranging from 2.74 to 24.88 ?M (Fig. 20, Table 9). NO

+ NO

concentrations

at the inner Wailoa River plume station (S5) were on average four times higher than

those of the outer Wailoa River plume station (S6), and seven times higher than those of

the Wailuku River plume station (S2 and S3) (Fig. 20, Table 9). NO

+ NO

concentrations at all stations inside Hilo Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) were always above the

HDOH?s standard for embayments following the storm, with the highest concentration

being ~44 times higher than HDOH?s standard (Fig. 20).

TDP and PO

concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself were

only detectable at the inner Wailoa River plume station (S5) following Storm 3 and

ranged from n.d. to 0.37 ?M and n.d. to 0.16 ?M, respectively (Table 9). Both the

Wailuku (S1) and Wailoa (S4) Rivers had no detectable TDP or PO

(Table 9). TDP

and PO

concentrations measured at station S5 in the Wailoa River plume never

exceeded HDOH?s standards for embayments following Storm 3 (Tables 4 and 9).

Turbidity levels in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged from 0.39 to

11.63 NTU (Table 9). Turbidity levels in the Wailuku (S1) and Wailoa (S4) Rivers were

11.63 �0.73 and 0.39 �0.02 NTU, respectively, on the last day of the storm on

12/12/2007 (Fig. 6). Turbidity levels inside the Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) peaked on the

fourth day following the storm, coincident with a substantial increase in discharge from

the Wailuku River (Fig. 21). Inside Hilo Bay, turbidity levels ranged from 0.75 to 10.28

NTU, with the highest values again being recorded at stations within the Wailuku River

plume (S2 and S3) (Fig. 21, Table 9). The inner Wailoa River plume station (S5) was the

only station that did not continually exceed the HDOH?s standard for embayments

following this storm (Fig. 21). In general, the Bay remained turbid and above HDOH?s

standards during the sampling period of this storm (Fig. 21).

Chl a concentrations in Hilo Bay ranged from n.d. to 2.21 �g/L (Table 9). Chl a

concentrations exceeded the HDOH?s standard for embayment waters within the Wailuku

River plume at station S3 on the fifth day of sampling following the storm; however, with

the exception of that single measurement, Chl a concentrations were low and often

undetectable (Fig. 22, Table 9).

Storm 4: Storm 4 was sampled between 1/27/2008 and 2/01/2008. Both the

Wailuku (S1) and Wailoa (S4) Rivers were sampled on the last day of the storm on

1/27/2008. The stations inside Hilo Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) were sampled for five days

following the end of Storm 4 from 1/28/2008 through 2/01/2008. A small craft advisory

prevented sampling at control stations (C1 and C2) for all days except 1/30/2008 and

1/31/2008. All data for Storm 4 are summarized in Table 10 and Appendices 1 through

TDN concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged from

5.66 �M at one of the control stations (C2) to 30.58 �M in the Wailoa River (Table 10).

TDN

concentrations in the Wailuku (S1) and Wailoa (S4) Rivers were 8.77 �1.08 ?M and

30.58 �4.51 ?M, respectively, on the last day of storm on 1/27/2008 (Fig. 4). Stations

inside Hilo Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) had TDN

concentrations ranging from 6.00 to 24.05

?M (Table 10), with the highest concentrations observed at station S5 within the Wailoa

River Plume (Fig. 23). At all stations except S5, TDN concentrations peaked on day four

following the storm when river discharge was its lowest (Fig. 23). TDN

concentrations at

stations within the Wailuku River plume (S2 and S3) and at one station within the Wailoa

River plume (S6) were below the HDOH?s standard for embayments (Fig. 23). In

contrast, TDN concentrations at the station within the Wailoa River mouth (S5) always

exceeded the HDOH?s standard for embayments (Fig. 23). TDN

concentrations at

control stations (C1 and C2) ranged from 5.66 �M to 15.96 �M (Table 10). TDN

concentrations at the control stations were below the HDOH?s standard for open coastal

waters on one of the two days sampled following the storm and above it on the other day

(Tables 4 and 10).

concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged from

n.d. at most stations to 1.56 �M (Table 10). NH

concentrations in the Wailuku (S1) and

Wailoa (S4) Rivers were 1.11 �0.05 ?M and 1.26 �0.29 ?M, respectively, on the last day

of the storm on 1/27/2008. Stations inside Hilo Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) had NH

concentrations ranging from n.d. to 0.86

?M, with the highest concentrations observed at

station S2 within the Wailuku River plume (Table 10). NH

concentrations exceeded the

HDOH?s standard for embayments on at least one day following the storm at stations S2,

S3, and S5 (Tables 4 and 10). NH

concentrations at the control stations (C1 and C2)

ranged from below detection levels to 1.56 �M at station C1 (Table 10). NH

concentrations at control station C1 was four times higher than the HDOH?s standard for

open coastal waters on one of the two days sampled (Tables 4 and 10). NH

concentrations at control station C2 were above HDOH?s standards for open coastal

waters on both days sampled, and once exceeding the standard by three times (Tables 4

and 10).

+ NO

concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged

from 2.14 �M at one of the control stations to 22.28 �M at the mouth of the Wailoa River

(S5) (Table 10). NO

+ NO

concentrations at the Wailuku (S1) and Wailoa (S4) Rivers

were 3.52 �0.07 ?M and 17.72 �1.82 ?M, respectively (Fig. 5). Stations within the

Wailuku River plume (S2 and S3) had NO

+ NO

concentrations ranging from 2.16 to

4.13 ?M (Table 10). Stations within the Wailoa River plume (S5 and S6) had the highest

+ NO

concentrations within Hilo Bay, ranging from 3.31 to 22.28 ?M (Table 10).

Concentrations at station S5 within the Wailoa River plume were always the highest

measured following Storm 4 (Fig. 24). NO

+ NO

concentrations at all stations inside

Hilo Bay (S2, S3, S5, and S6) were always above the HDOH?s standard for embayments

following the storm, with the concentrations ranging between four and 40 times higher

than HDOH?s standard (Fig. 24). NO

+ NO

concentrations at the control stations(C1

and C2) ranged from 2.14 to 2.66 ?M and had concentrations that were six times higher

than the HDOH?s standard for open coastal waters (Tables 4 and 10).

TDP and PO

concentrations in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged

from n.d. to 1.17 ?M and n.d. to 0.57 ?M, respectively (Table 10). In the Wailuku River

(S1), TDP and PO

concentrations averaged 0.05 �0.01 ?M and 0.02 �0.02 ?M,

respectively. In the Wailoa River (S4), TDP and PO

concentrations averaged 0.09

�0.01 ?M and 0.06 �0.01 ?M, respectively (Table 10). TDP and PO

concentrations

ranged from n.d. to 0.72 ?M and n.d. to 0.57 ?M, respectively, inside the Bay (S2, S3,

S5, and S6) (Table 10). Concentrations for these two parameters did not exceed HDOH?s

standards for embayments following the storm (Tables 4 and 10). At the control stations

(C1 and C2), TDP and PO

concentrations were generally below detection limits, except

for station C1 on the fourth day following the storm, where its concentration was two

times higher than the HDOH?s standard for open coastal waters (Tables 4 and 10).

Turbidity levels in the Hilo Bay watershed and the Bay itself ranged from 0.32 to

22.40 NTU (Table 10). Turbidity levels in the Wailuku (S1) and Wailoa (S4) Rivers

were 3.60 �0.04 NTU and 0.32 �0.05 NTU, respectively, on the last day of the storm on

1/27/2008 (Fig. 6). Inside Hilo Bay, turbidity levels ranged from 1.77 to 22.40 NTU,

with the highest values measured at station S2 within the Wailuku River plume (Fig. 25,

Table 10). Turbidity levels exceeded the HDOH?s standard for embayments at all

stations within Hilo Bay on all sampling days following the storm (Fig. 25). Turbidity

levels at the control (C1 and C2) stations ranged from 0.93 to 6.26 NTU and exceeded the

HDOH?s standards for open coastal waters on both days sampled (Tables 4 and 10).

Chl a concentrations in Hilo Bay ranged from n.d. to 1.72 �g/L (Table 10). Chl a

concentrations exceeded the HDOH?s standard for embayments only once at station S5

within the Wailoa River plume following the storm (Fig. 26). At the control stations (C1

and C2), Chl a concentrations were only above detection limits on one day of the two

days sampled (Table 10).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

+NO

in Hilo Bay: The highest NO

+NO

concentrations measured in

Hilo Bay were following storms, and under these conditions, NO

+NO

concentrations

consistently exceeded the HDOH?s standards, with the highest concentration being ~44

times higher than the embayment standard. Across all stations sampled in Hilo Bay,

+NO

concentrations were ~1.5 times higher following storms than during baseflow

conditions. An earlier study in Hilo Bay documented similar NO

+NO

concentrations

during a storm; however, the concentration increase from baseflow to storm conditions

that was observed was seven times greater than the one we measured (M & E Pacific

1980).

Under storm conditions, the largest surface water source of NO

+NO

to Hilo

Bay measured in this study was from the Wailoa River, and the highest NO

+NO

concentrations in the Bay were measured within the Wailoa River plume. This pattern

was also observed during baseflow conditions, where instantaneous NO

+NO

yields

were 18 times greater from the Wailoa River than from the Wailuku River, and NO

+NO

concentrations within the Wailoa River plume were consistently higher than those

measured in the Wailuku River plume (5 times higher) and outside of the breakwater (11

times higher).

Higher NO

+NO

concentrations in Hilo Bay following storms are likely a result

of increased discharge from the Wailoa and Wailuku Rivers, as the concentration of NO

+NO

in the rivers generally

decreased during storms. NO

+NO

yields from both the

Wailoa and Wailuku Rivers increased 1.5 and 15 times, respectively, following storms.

While the greatest change in NO

+NO

yields from baseflow to storm conditions were

observed in the Wailuku River, the Wailoa River was still the largest surface water

source of NO

+NO

to Hilo Bay, contributing two times more NO

+NO

than the

Wailuku River to Hilo Bay during storms.

The high NO

+NO

concentrations measured in the Wailoa River and its plume

in Hilo Bay most likely stem from the land use within this watershed. Approximately

15% of the Wailoa River?s drainage area is comprised of low- and high-intensity

development and agriculture as compared to ~1% for the Wailuku River?s watershed

(Table 1). Cesspools and septic tanks are likely the dominant sources of NO

+NO

the Wailoa River, as only 30 to 40% of Hilo is connected to the sewer line, and the

majority of homes are located within this watershed (Silvius et al. 2005). Other possible

anthropogenic sources of NO

+NO

include livestock waste and fertilizers from

agricultural lands, although contributions from these sources are likely small as the extent

and intensity of agricultural activities are relatively low in this watershed (Wiegner pers.

obs.). Decomposition of leaf litter in forests and grasslands may also contribute NO

+NO

to the Wailoa River too. To determine the contribution of these sources to the

+NO

in the Wailoa River, measurements of stable nitrogen and oxygen isotopes for

and those for boron are needed from both the potential sources of NO

to the river,

as well as NO

from the river itself. These types of measurements will allow NO

from

natural sources like forests

to be distinguished from NO

human sources like sewage, as

sewage has distinct stable isotope signatures for these elements (i.e., Vengosh et al. 1994;

Kendall 1998). This type of approach has been successfully used in Maui County to trace

sewage inputs from an injection well to the coastal waters of Kihei (Hunt 2006).

There is one additional ephemeral stream draining into Hilo Bay, Alenaio Stream,

that we did not measure inputs from. A previous study estimates that instantaneous daily

yields of NO

+NO

from Alenaio Stream during storms range from 18.48 to 641.44 mol

of N km

-2

-1

, which at its lower end is comparable to inputs from the Wailoa River and at

its upper end is 18 and 38 times greater than the highest yields from the Wailoa and

Wailuku Rivers, respectively (Presley et al. 2007). This analysis suggests that our

estimates of the amount of NO

+NO

entering Hilo Bay from the Wailoa River Harbor

during storms is an underestimate, as we do not account for the large inputs of NO

+NO

from Aleniao Stream. Future studies need to measure inputs from the Wailoa

River, Wailuku River, and Aleniao Stream simultaneously to quantify the total input of

+NO

into

Hilo Bay during storms; no study has done this to date.

Turbidity in Hilo Bay: Similar to the NO

+NO

concentrations, turbidity levels

were greatest in Hilo Bay following storms. Under these conditions, turbidity levels

consistently exceeded HDOH?s standards. The largest surface water source of turbidity

to Hilo Bay during storms was from the Wailuku River and the highest turbidity levels

were measured within the Wailuku River plume, which were 1.8 and 4.4 times higher

than values measured within the Wailoa River plume and outside of the breakwater,

respectively. In contrast, during baseflow conditions, turbidity levels were comparable

between the Wailuku and Wailoa River plumes in Hilo Bay, even though the Wailuku

River had turbidity levels three times higher than those measured in the Wailoa River. In

contrast to storm conditions, all six stations sampled in Hilo Bay during baseflow

conditions consistently had turbidity levels below the HDOH?s standards.

Turbidity levels in Hilo Bay are significantly correlated to the Wailuku River?s

discharge (Mead & Wiegner submitted). The greatest amount of surface water and

suspended sediments are delivered to Hilo Bay from the Wailuku River, especially during

storms (M & E Pacific 1980). It is estimated that stormflow comprises approximately

84% of the annual discharge from the Wailuku River to Hilo Bay and 96% of the annual

TSS yield (Wiegner et al. in press). High turbidity levels in the Wailuku River most

likely stem from the watershed?s high relief and its greater percentage of barren land

compared to the Wailoa River?s watershed (Table 1; M & E Pacific 1980). Erosion of

young, easily weathered basalt and weakly developed soils with low organic matter

content contribute to the high turbidity and suspended solids with low organic matter

content in the Wailuku River during storms (Wiegner et al. in press).

Turbidity levels in Hilo Bay were also consistently higher inside the breakwater

than outside of it during both storm and baseflow conditions, with the greatest differences

observed during storms. Inside the Bay, turbidity levels were ~ 2.5 to 4.5 times higher

than values measured outside the breakwater following storms. During baseflow

conditions, turbidity levels were ~ 2.8 times higher than those outside the breakwater.

The difference in turbidity between the stations inside Hilo Bay and outside the

breakwater suggest that the breakwater acts as a barrier to flushing particles outside of the

Bay; note, however, this barrier allows for some exchange because turbidity levels were

four times higher outside the breakwater during storms compared to baseflow conditions.

A similar pattern was observed for NO

+NO

suggesting that both particulates and

dissolved constituents partially exchange through the breakwater. While the breakwater

does appear to increase the turbidity levels inside Hilo Bay, results from Storm 1 and 2

suggest that turbidity levels inside Hilo Bay drop below HDOH?s embayment standards

three days following peak storm discharge from the Wailuku River. This observation

suggests that suspended sediments are rapidly exported out of the Bay following a storm

and/or settle to the seafloor allowing for the Bay waters to clear.

Chl a in Hilo Bay: In contrast to NO

+NO

and turbidity, Chl a concentrations

are highest in Hilo Bay during baseflow condition, particularly during the dry, summer

months; an earlier study also documented this pattern and reported similar concentrations

(M & E Pacific 1980). In our study, the highest Chl a concentrations were measured at

the stations inside the breakwater furthest from the mouths of the Wailuku and Wailoa

Rivers. All of the stations sampled inside the breakwater had Chl a concentrations that

exceeded the HDOH?s embayment standard on two to six of the eight baseflow sampling

days in this study, with the highest measurement being 15 times greater than the standard.

Additionally, the two stations sampled outside the breakwater (C1 and C2) had

concentrations two to three times lower than those measured inside the breakwater, but

often higher than HDOH?s standard for open coastal waters.

Nutrient availability, warmer water temperatures, and increased water clarity, as

well as reduced grazing pressure can result in greater algal biomass, that is higher Chl a

concentrations, in coastal waters (Valiela 1995). Nutrient availability does not appear to

be the primary factor limiting algal biomass in Hilo Bay over the annual scale, as nutrient

concentrations are highest following storms when Chl a concentrations and primary

production rates are lowest (M & E Pacific 1980; Mead & Wiegner submitted). However,

nutrient availability does appear to enhance primary production in Hilo Bay, as the

highest Chl a concentrations were measured within the Wailoa River plume, the region of

the Bay with the highest NO

+ NO

concentrations. The highest algal biomass, primary

production, and algal growth rates in Hilo Bay have been observed during the dry,

summer months when the water is warmer and clearer, the salinity fluctuations are

minimal, and the water residence time is greater (M&E Pacific 1980; Mead & Wiegner

submitted). Of these factors, the later three are thought to impose the greatest limitation

on phytoplankton growth in Hilo Bay (M & E Pacific 1980). High Chl a concentrations

during dry, summer months have also been observed in other tropical and temperate

estuaries (Khan and Siddiqui 1971; Hashimoto et al. 2006). Low grazer abundance, and

therefore, low grazing pressure can also lead to high Chl a concentrations in estuaries

(Valiela 1995). However, it is unlikely that grazer abundance was lower during baseflow

conditions than storms, as discharge from the Wailuku and Wailoa Rivers was lower and

water residence time in Hilo Bay was greater (M & E Pacific 1980). Therefore, it is

unlikely that the zooplankton were diluted or flushed outside of the Bay from the surface

water inputs during baseflow conditions. Direct zooplankton abundance measurements

are needed to confirm this assumption.

Following storms, Chl a concentrations inside Hilo Bay were 93% lower than

those measured during baseflow conditions, and often below detection limits and the

HDOH?s embayment standard. Unlike the phytoplankton blooms reported to occur in

Kanehoe Bay, Oahu, two to five days following storms (Ringuet & Mackenzie 2005;

Hoover et al. 2006; De Carlo et al. 2007), no blooms were detected in Hilo Bay five days

after a storm event. Low Chl a concentrations in Hilo Bay following storms were most

likely a function of the phytoplankton cells being washed out of the Bay, as large pulses

of freshwater to estuaries has been shown to wash out phytoplankton communities

(Alpine & Cloern 1992). At the highest discharge measured for the Wailuku River

during our study, we estimate that the Wailuku River would be able to replace the entire

water column of the Bay in less than 15 days, making it plausible that some portion of the

phytoplankton community was washed out during these conditions (Mead & Wiegner

submitted). Additionally, the amount of solids entering the Bay particularly from the

Wailuku River increased by 230 times from its baseflow inputs and was an order of

magnitude greater than the TSS inputs from the Wailoa River, and the overall turbidity in

Hilo Bay was approximately five times higher following storms than during baseflow

conditions. Therefore, it is also likely that any phytoplankton cells still remaining in Hilo

Bay were diluted by the large amounts of debris discharging from the Wailuku River and

light limited by the amount of particles suspended in the water column. An earlier study

also suspected that salinity fluctuations in surface waters of Hilo Bay during and just

following storms are too stressful for phytoplankton (M & E Pacific 1980; Muylaert et al.

2005). Additionally, high zooplankton grazer abundance can decrease Chl a

concentrations in estuaries (Valiela 1995); however, it is unlikely that high grazing

pressure was responsible for the low Chl a concentrations in Hilo Bay following storms,

as the abundance of other types of plankton (bacteria and phytoplankton) in the Bay were

low, most likely due to washout from high river discharge.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Our study suggests that of the pollutants we measured, NO

+NO

is having the

greatest impact on Hilo Bay?s water quality. The highest NO

+NO

concentrations were

measured in the Wailoa River and its plume, where they consistently and often exceeded

the HDOH?s standards, respectively. A biological response to these NO

+NO

inputs

into Hilo Bay does appear to be occurring as the highest Chl a concentrations were

measured within the Wailoa River plume. Unfortunately, the measurements made in our

study do not tell us the source(s) of the NO

+NO

, they only provide information on the

region in the watershed from where the NO

+NO

is coming. The most likely source of

+NO

is from cesspools and septic tanks, as this is the most heavily populated

section of Hilo and 60 to 70% of Hilo is not connected to the sewer line (Silvius et al.

2005). To determine if sewage is the primary the source of NO

+NO

entering Hilo Bay

from the Wailoa River watershed, further studies are needed.

Specifically, we recommend that a study using chemical tracers to track sewage

inputs from cesspools to Hilo Bay be conducted. The chemical tracers of sewage that

should be measured are stable isotope signatures of oxygen (

O) and nitrogen (

N) in

nitrate and stable isotope signatures of boron (

B). Sewage inputs can be tracked using

this combination of stable isotopes because sewage has distinct stable isotope signatures

for these elements allowing it to be distinguished from other anthropogenic and natural

sources (i.e., Vengosh et al. 1994; Kendall 1998). Data from this proposed study will

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control phytoplankton biomass and production in an estuary. Limnology and

Oceanography 37: 946-955.

APHA, AWWA, and WEF. 1995. Total solids dried at 103-105 �C. In: Eaton, A.D.,

L.S., Clesceri, and A.E. Greenberg (eds.), Standard Methods for the Examination

of Water and Water Water, 19

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Washington, D.C.

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Table 3. Daily discharge from the Wailuku and Wailoa Rivers and rainfall in Hilo, Hawaii, USA, during
the sampling events of this study. Discharge data for the Wailuku River was obtained online from the
USGS?s gage # 16704000. Discharge data for the Wailoa River was calculated as described in the methods
section of this report. Rain on Day = daily rainfall as measured at the Hilo International Airport, Hilo,
Hawaii, USA. ? Rain 5 Days = sum of daily rainfall five days prior to sampling event including event date,
as measured at the Hilo International Airport, Hilo, Hawaii, USA. Rain data were obtained online from
NOAA National Climatic Data Center. (-) indicates where data were not collected.

Event Date Wailuku

Wailoa

Rain

Day

? Rain 5 Days

(L/s)

(cm)

Storm 1

1/10/2007

10,562

4,088

0.79

17.73

Storm 1

1/11/2007

7,504

0.20

15.16

Storm

1/12/2007

10,902 -

0.48

9.55

Storm 1

1/13/2007

6,683

0.38

8.03

Storm 1

1/14/2007

5,154

0.08

1.93

Storm 1

1/15/2007

4,078

0.84

1.98

Storm 2

3/01/2007

45,590

8,004

1.93

18.49

Storm 2

3/02/2007

7,872

0.08

17.60

Storm 2

3/03/2007

3,936

1.04

17.09

Storm 2

3/04/2007

3,738

0.00

12.07

Storm 2

3/05/2007

2,379

0.00

3.05

Storm 2

3/06/2007

1,841

0.00

1.12

Base 1

3/14/2007

1,133

3,539

0.86

Base 2

5/03/2007

1,501

4,567

0.15

1.98

Base 2

5/04/2007

1,246

0.00

1.57

Base 3

6/18/2007

850

3,450

0.33

5.66

Base 3

6/19/2007

793

0.76

4.93

Base 4

7/08/2007

765

2,922

0.41

1.27

Base 4

7/09/2007

708

0.31

1.45

Base 5

7/30/2007

1,359

4,347

0.79

2.67

Base 5

7/31/2007

1,161

0.10

2.29

Base 6

9/05/2007

1,841

653

0.23

2.31

Base 6

9/06/2007

2,407

0.00

1.14

Base 7

10/10/2007

1,926

2,335

0.31

5.26

Base 7

10/11/2007

1,642

0.23

5.00

Base 8

11/07/2007

1,529

2,353

2.46

7.09

Base 8

11/08/2007

1,727

0.13

5.16

Storm 3

12/12/2007

22,229

3,926

3.18

8.51

Storm 3

12/13/2007

15,150

2.36

10.82

Storm

12/14/2007

15,319 -

1.14

9.17

Storm 3

12/15/2007

31,149

2.34

11.43

Storm

12/16/2007

50,121 -

0.91

9.93

Storm

12/17/2007

30,865 -

0.97

7.72

Storm 4

1/27/2008

26,731

7,374

1.35

7.70

Storm

1/28/2008

12,318 -

2.51

8.66

Storm 4

1/29/2008

7,617

4.45

13.11

Storm 4

1/30/2008

6,485

4.60

15.83

Storm 4

1/31/2008

4,984

6.58

19.49

Storm 4

2/01/2008

76,739

7.16

25.30

Table 4. Hawaii Department of Health?s (HDOH) standards for nutrients, turbidity, total suspended solids
(TSS), and chlorophyll a concentrations for rivers, embayments, and open coastal waters. River standards
apply to the Wailuku (S1) and Wailoa (S4) River stations in this study. *Total Nitrogen values presented
here are comparable to this study?s Total Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN) values. (wet) values for river
standards are to be applied between November 1 through April 30 (HDOH 2004). (dry) values for river
standards are to be applied between May 1 through October 3 (HDOH 2004).

Parameter

Water Type

Geometric mean not

Not to exceed the

to exceed the given

given value more

value

than ten percent of

than two percent of

the time

Total Nitrogen*

Rivers (wet)

17.85

37.13

57.12

(�M) Rivers

(dry)

12.85 27.13 42.84

Embayments 14.28

25.00

35.70

Open Coastal Waters

10.71

17.85

25.00

Rivers

(wet)

n/a

(�M) Rivers

(dry)

n/a

Embayments 0.43

0.93

1.43

Open Coastal Waters

0.25

0.61

1.07

+ NO

Rivers

(wet)

5.00

12.85

21.42

(�M) Rivers

(dry)

2.14

6.43 12.14

Embayments 0.57

1.42

2.50

Open Coastal Waters

0.36

1.00

1.78

Total Phosphorus

Rivers (wet)

1.61

3.23

4.84

(�M) Rivers

(dry)

1.00

1.94 2.58

Embayments 0.81

1.61

2.42

Open Coastal Waters

0.65

1.29

1.94

Turbidity Rivers

(wet)

5.0

15.0

25.0

(NTU) Rivers

(dry)

2.0

5.5

10.0

Embayments 1.50

3.00

5.00

Open Coastal Waters

0.50

1.25

2.00

TSS Rivers

(wet)

20.0 50.0 80.0

(mg/L) Rivers

(dry)

10.0

30.0

55.0

Embayments n/a n/a

n/a

Open Coastal Waters

n/a

Chlorophyll a Rivers

(wet)

n/a

(�g/L) Rivers

(dry)

n/a

Embayments 1.50

4.50

8.50

Open Coastal Waters

0.30

0.90

1.75

Table 5. Daily yields of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), NO

+ NO

(referred to as NO

in the table),

, total dissolved phosphorous (TDP), and total suspended solids (TSS) from the Wailuku and Wailoa

Rivers, Hilo, Hawaii, USA, on sampling dates for this study. Yields are calculated as the product of river
discharge (Table 3) and nutrient concentrations (Tables 6 through 10) divided by the watershed area (Table
1). Units for daily yields of N and P are mol km

-2

-1

, while TSS units are in kg km

-2

-1

Wailuku River

Wailoa River

Event Date TDN

-N NH

-N TDP TSS TDN NO

-N NH

-N TDP TSS

Storm 1

1/10/2007

14.48

8.00

0.33

0.00

0.49

25.00

14.36

0.26

0.01

0.22

Storm 2

3/01/2007

54.50

16.82

2.46

0.14

41.17

42.14

35.05

0.59

0.00

7.45

Base 1

3/14/2007

0.90

0.74

0.16

0.14

0.03

21.42

1.39

0.00

0.81

0.00

Base

2 5/03/2007 11.92 0.54 0.40 0.09 0.13 11.67 26.72 1.27 0.83 0.52

Base 3

6/18/2007

0.70

0.35

0.10

0.01

0.03

18.62

16.84

0.46

0.00

0.17

Base 4

7/08/2007

0.68

0.21

0.10

0.00

0.01

20.13

19.87

0.24

0.02

0.00

Base 5

7/30/2007

1.86

0.93

0.15

0.03

0.06

23.99

21.39

0.57

0.09

1.04

Base 6

9/05/2007

2.28

1.14

0.06

0.03

0.33

2.99

2.87

0.03

0.01

0.11

Base 7

10/10/2007

1.69

1.15

0.94

0.00

0.19

13.72

8.37

0.64

0.01

0.21

Base 8

11/07/2007

1.50

1.26

0.43

0.00

0.04

14.10

14.76

0.08

0.02

0.30

Storm

3 12/12/2007 26.97 8.90

2.60 0.00 51.92

25.35

13.40

0.14 0.00 0.47

Storm 4

1/27/2008

35.16

14.11

4.45

0.20

0.88

40.51

23.47

1.67

0.12

0.00

Table 6. Average (�S.E.) nutrient, turbidity, and chlorophyll a concentrations, as well as pH in surface waters of Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA, during baseflow
conditions. (-) indicates where data were not collected. (*) indicates missing data. Stn. = station, DOC = dissolved organic carbon, PC = particulate carbon, TDN
= total dissolved nitrogen, DON = dissolved organic nitrogen, PN = particulate nitrogen, TDP = total dissolved phosphorous, TSS = total suspended solids, Turbid.
= turbidity, and Chl a = Chlorophyll a.

Stn. Date

DOC

TDN

DON

PN NO

TDP PO

SiO

TSS

Turbid.

Chl

a pH

(�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (mg/L) (NTU) (�g/L)

3/14/2007

41.96(3.01) 9.39 5.28(0.21)

0.56(0.32)

0.59(0.05)

4.38(0.21) 0.95(0.53) 0.83(0.18) 0.00(0.00) 202.40(1.60) 0.17(0.17)

0.37(0.06) - 7.33(0.04)

S1 5/03/2007 4.37(0.87) 9.93(0.70) 52.93(0.91)

48.73(1.76)

0.91(0.07) 2.42(0.37) 1.78(0.63) 0.40(0.12) 0.01(0.01) 113.88(8.47) 0.59(0.02)

0.30(0.00) - 6.58(0.10)

S1 6/18/2007 92.40(1.82) 16.70(0.80) 5.50(0.31) 2.03(0.18) 1.48(0.13) 2.73(0.03) 0.75(0.23) 0.05(0.05) 0.00(0.00) 98.18(1.22) 0.21(0.21)

0.87(0.07) - 6.49(0.13)

S1 7/08/2007 76.11(1.25) 13.83(1.53) 5.96(0.78) 3.29(0.72) 1.05(0.06) 1.81(0.04) 0.85(0.28) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 290.20(6.62) 0.10(0.05)

0.47(0.03) - 6.87(0.04)

S1 7/30/2007 52.85(1.28) 10.92(1.78) 9.10(0.29) 3.84(0.49) 0.82(0.07) 4.54(0.04) 0.72(0.23) 0.13(0.02) 0.00(0.00) 75.05(7.31) 0.31(0.04)

0.32(0.01) - 6.68(0.01)

S1 9/05/2007 88.58(6.24) 22.50(0.58) 8.26(1.18) 3.92(1.20) 1.59(0.00) 4.13(0.01) 0.21(0.14) 0.11(0.09) 0.00(0.00) 126.29(12.55)

1.19(0.12)

1.40(0.03) - 7.19(0.06)

S1 10/10/2007 71.60(0.85) 13.94(1.00) 5.84(0.38) 0.00(0.00) 1.06(0.10) 3.99(0.06) 3.24(0.27) 0.01(0.01) 0.00(0.00) 104.18(11.02)

0.67(0.02)

1.14(0.05) - 6.48(0.12)

S1 11/07/2007 65.45(3.99) 18.42(4.14) 6.55(1.21) 0.20(0.20) 1.58(0.42) 5.48(0.42) 1.88(1.06) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 164.19(33.04)

0.19(1.23)

1.13(0.05) - 6.21(0.14)

S1 Average 61.66(5.65) 14.91(1.07)

12.43(3.21) 7.82(3.25) 1.16(0.09) 3.68(0.25) 1.30(0.24) 0.19(0.06) 0.00(0.00) 146.80(14.35) 0.42(0.11)

0.75(0.09) - 6.73(0.08)

3/14/2007

18.02(1.91) * 33.69(0.34)

31.51(0.44) * 2.18(0.36)

0.00(0.00) 1.28(0.16) 0.04(0.02) 74.11(1.86) 0.00(0.00) 0.11(0.00) - 7.32(0.14)

S4 5/03/2007 34.20(1.41) 8.32(0.84) 14.23(1.64) 0.00(0.00) 0.93(0.10) 32.57(0.26) 1.55(0.20) 1.01(0.12) 0.27(0.02) 327.07(42.03)

0.63(0.06)

0.10(0.00) - 6.55(0.04)

S4 6/18/2007 3.32(2.03) 6.42(0.94) 30.05(0.40) 2.38(1.45) 0.87(0.24) 27.18(1.55) 0.74(0.15) 0.00(0.00) 0.03(0.02) 78.29(28.94) 0.27(0.27)

0.13(0.03) - 6.47(0.06)

S4 7/08/2007 25.10(0.78) 7.90(0.38) 38.36(0.30) 0.23(0.17) 0.79(0.02) 37.86(0.15) 0.46(0.20) 0.03(0.02) 0.07(0.01) 434.32(5.07)

0.00(0.00)

0.27(0.03) - 6.38(0.03)

S4 7/30/2007 7.58(4.49) 14.08(0.85) 30.72(1.71) 2.60(0.19) 1.51(0.02) 27.39(1.82) 0.73(0.36) 0.12(0.02) 0.06(0.01) 88.78(13.47)

1.33(0.11)

0.20(0.01) - 6.32(0.02)

S4 9/05/2007 0.92(0.92) 15.39(1.03) 25.47(2.74) 1.65(1.19) 1.75(0.09) 24.45(1.89) 0.26(0.24) 0.08(0.02) 0.00(0.00) 386.92(15.03)

0.91(0.04)

0.54(0.02) - 6.56(0.03)

S4 10/10/2007 7.59(0.55) 6.73(0.51) 32.72(0.67) 11.24(0.33) 0.78(0.03) 19.95(0.54) 1.53(0.21) 0.02(0.02) 0.06(0.01) 98.51(9.25)

0.49(0.02)

0.25(0.00) - 6.10(0.07)

S4 11/07/2007 7.91(2.20) 12.15(2.96) 33.35(0.74) 0.00(0.00) 1.27(0.30) 34.91(0.07) 0.20(0.20) 0.04(0.02) 0.04(0.01) 354.03(37.11)

0.72(0.59)

0.41(0.01) - 6.38(0.07)

S4 Average 13.08(2.35) 10.14(0.87)

29.82(1.48) 6.20(2.13) 1.13(0.09) 28.51(2.20) 0.68(0.13) 0.32(0.10) 0.07(0.02) 230.25(31.69)

0.55(0.11)

0.25(0.03) - 6.51(0.07)

S2 3/14/2007 73.95(1.26) 13.70(0.27) 7.07(1.14) 6.43(1.16) 1.37(0.05) 0.64(0.06) 0.00(0.00) 1.44(0.25) 0.01(0.01) 24.45(1.33) 11.88(0.54) 0.43(0.04) 0.96(0.15) 8.04(0.04)
S2 5/04/2007 6.58(0.32) 28.65(2.57) 61.13(2.79) 60.64(2.84) 3.43(0.29) 0.50(0.05) 0.00(0.00) 0.02(0.02) 0.00(0.00) 30.51(0.23) 22.76(2.49) 0.47(0.03) 1.23(0.19) 8.23(0.04)
S2 6/19/2007 49.29(2.59) 20.73(1.44) 2.99(0.18) 2.74(0.17) 2.72(0.21) 0.25(0.02) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 45.75(6.05) 10.82(2.76) 0.80(0.06) 1.54(0.05) 8.20(0.01)
S2 7/09/2007 105.79(0.65) 18.05(1.06) 7.14(0.76) 6.73(0.63) 2.46(0.19) 0.41(0.15) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 51.28(7.90) 4.64(1.30) 0.68(0.18) 1.81(0.50) 8.06(0.19)
S2 7/31/2007 57.45(8.18) 17.64(5.19) 7.53(0.31) 6.23(1.04) 1.59(0.11) 0.53(0.09) 0.77(0.64) 0.07(0.07) 0.00(0.00) 51.71(5.73) 6.17(0.32) 0.52(0.05) 0.42(0.06) 8.14(0.03)
S2 9/06/2007 54.95(4.90) 33.69(2.04) 6.29(0.86) 5.82(0.87) 3.49(0.26) 0.47(0.02) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 48.98(1.29) 18.96(3.06) 1.38(0.08) 1.39(0.44) 8.11(0.03)
S2 10/11/2007 72.70(0.72) 19.87(1.25) 5.52(0.35) 4.25(0.35) 1.82(0.08) 1.27(0.01) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 74.24(0.78) 14.09(2.17) 0.95(0.20) 0.58(0.27) 8.07(0.06)
S2 11/08/2007 75.32(1.10) 33.86(2.65) 5.97(0.31) 4.55(0.10) 3.33(0.34) 0.98(0.04) 0.43(0.22) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 37.68(2.96) 14.25(2.24) 1.02(0.09) 0.67(0.35) 7.73(0.06)
S2 Average 62.00(5.64) 23.27(1.68)

12.95(3.82)

12.17(3.85)

2.53(0.18) 0.63(0.07) 0.15(0.09) 0.19(0.10) 0.00(0.00) 45.57(3.24) 12.94(1.32) 0.78(0.07) 1.07(0.13) 8.07(0.04)

S3 3/14/2007 71.89(3.54) 7.22(0.95) 5.65(0.20) 0.00(0.00) 0.84(0.08) 15.92(0.99) 0.00(0.00) 1.34(0.28) 0.00(0.00) 37.42(1.97) 8.16(0.87) 0.21(0.01) 1.36(0.09) 8.13(0.02)
S3 5/04/2007 5.03(0.45) 13.20(0.74) 52.96(2.43) 52.28(2.37) 1.70(0.11) 0.68(0.09) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 27.69(0.61) 12.40(1.47) 0.50(0.06) 1.01(0.03) 8.09(0.07)
S3 6/19/2007 43.17(5.09) 21.54(4.15) 3.10(0.24) 2.92(0.28) 3.11(0.25) 0.18(0.06) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 69.04(6.40) 11.42(3.10) 0.67(0.03) 5.08(0.21) 8.20(0.01)
S3 7/09/2007 100.21(2.48) 11.43(2.79) 5.87(0.23) 5.72(0.23) 1.69(0.33) 0.15(0.03) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 39.38(0.76) 4.78(0.52) 0.50(0.05) 4.71(0.25) 8.30(0.04)
S3 7/31/2007 38.69(4.60) 24.80(0.72) 7.10(0.69) 4.79(0.66) 4.02(0.11) 2.31(0.12) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 134.94(0.96) 7.14(0.97) 0.83(0.11) 8.24(0.64) 7.93(0.09)
S3 9/06/2007 53.58(9.38) 14.53(0.79) 5.77(0.86) 5.43(0.84) 1.85(0.07) 0.34(0.04) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 25.19(1.97) 16.17(1.96) 0.64(0.08) 1.95(0.25) 8.12(0.01)
S3 10/11/2007 71.02(1.66) 27.81(1.67) 4.47(0.39) 4.26(0.38) 3.45(0.19) 0.21(0.02) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 62.64(0.25) 15.22(1.77) 0.89(0.29) 13.77(2.37) 8.09(0.03)
S3 11/08/2007 76.38(4.39) 19.90(0.99) 5.11(0.46) 1.60(1.01) 1.74(0.10) 1.94(0.40) 1.58(0.29) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 42.56(1.00) 19.25(3.66) 0.86(0.11) 0.23(0.10) 7.92(0.01)
S3 Average 57.50(5.83) 17.55(1.50)

11.26(3.31) 9.63(3.40) 2.30(0.22) 2.72(1.06) 0.20(0.11) 0.17(0.10) 0.00(0.00) 54.86(7.03) 11.82(1.10) 0.64(0.06) 4.54(0.93) 8.11(0.03)

Table 6 (continued).

Site Date

DOC

TDN

DON

PN NO

TDP PO

SiO

TSS

Turbid.

Chl

a pH

(�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (mg/L) (NTU) (�g/L)

S5 3/14/2007 24.13(3.46) 17.02(0.60) 6.83(1.05) 0.00(0.00) 1.92(0.11) 9.19(0.81) 0.34(0.28) 1.12(0.09) 0.00(0.00) 118.51(18.49) 8.47(2.16) 0.64(0.01) 2.68(0.16) 7.91(0.01)
S5 5/04/2007 13.93(0.77) 20.87(2.22) 45.28(9.37) 33.77(10.37) 2.65(0.30) 11.51(1.11) 0.00(0.00) 0.11(0.11) 0.00(0.00) 165.39(12.71) 11.86(1.52) 0.40(0.00) 1.07(0.11) 8.14(0.01)
S5 6/19/2007 37.43(3.17) 32.43(3.56) 6.52(0.79) 2.13(1.14) 4.34(0.43) 5.33(1.54) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 104.27(14.77) 18.24(2.41) 0.97(0.12) 3.66(0.15) 8.15(0.01)
S5 7/09/2007 84.45(6.14) 24.19(1.87) 11.87(0.88) 4.72(0.64) 4.69(0.27) 7.15(1.09) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 181.66(14.62) 11.90(0.34) 1.16(0.13) 5.64(0.09) 8.20(0.00)
S5 7/31/2007 20.08(4.69) 15.71(2.47) 17.34(2.88) 1.72(1.72) 2.33(0.39) 15.95(1.41) 0.21(0.21) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 228.49(16.60) 6.13(0.45) 0.53(0.02) 1.28(0.74) 7.76(0.11)
S5 9/06/2007 34.46(3.42) 22.01(0.52) 16.28(0.67) 7.19(1.15) 3.10(0.04) 9.10(0.53) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 147.45(4.90) 7.35(0.10) 0.61(0.06) 2.85(0.07) 8.08(0.01)
S5 10/11/2007 41.90(1.19) 23.91(1.55) 18.48(0.19) 0.00(0.00) 3.04(0.19) 19.21(0.51) 1.14(0.25) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 268.84(4.10) 9.40(1.29) 1.08(0.37) 5.43(0.40) 7.74(0.01)
S5 11/08/2007 23.85(1.52) 9.60(0.97) 22.66(0.57) 0.00(0.00) 0.97(0.05) 26.29(0.28) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.24(0.02) 228.65(3.76) 2.48(0.51) 0.37(0.05) 0.23(0.06) 7.24(0.06)
S5 Average 34.92(4.62) 20.72(1.45)

18.67(2.68) 6.37(2.59) 2.88(0.25) 12.97(1.41) 0.21(0.09) 0.15(0.08) 0.03(0.02) 180.41(11.87) 9.48(1.00) 0.72(0.07) 2.86(0.42) 7.90(0.06)

S6 3/14/2007 58.39(5.36) 17.66(0.51) 13.51(0.62) 6.02(1.06) 2.00(0.06) 6.97(0.23) 0.53(0.40) 1.37(0.18) 0.00(0.00) 108.45(1.55) 10.07(0.72) 0.79(0.02) 2.38(0.11) 7.99(0.02)
S6 5/04/2007 11.44(0.93) 13.88(0.39) 43.46(8.24) 35.39(8.33) 1.65(0.11) 8.07(0.14) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 115.67(3.94) 7.38(1.91) 0.40(0.00) 0.59(0.19) 8.13(0.02)
S6 6/19/2007 31.89(1.01) 22.70(0.54) 4.61(0.26) 2.57(0.33) 4.52(0.22) 2.03(0.13) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 99.37(3.77) 14.91(0.54) 0.63(0.03) 4.38(2.09) 8.21(0.02)
S6 7/09/2007 85.46(0.81) 33.59(0.56) 6.73(0.18) 6.01(0.27) 6.21(0.20) 0.72(0.10) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 137.07(5.07) 6.81(0.97) 0.76(0.08) 10.71(2.29) 8.40(0.03)
S6 7/31/2007 49.87(3.52) 41.93(0.95) 8.30(1.00) 5.85(0.44) 6.72(0.39) 2.45(0.66) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 108.23(14.67) 16.28(0.36) 1.08(0.19) 11.59(1.84) 8.16(0.02)
S6 9/06/2007 52.38(1.74) 20.71(0.96) 8.02(0.37) 6.38(0.87) 2.47(0.08) 1.65(0.59) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 47.01(9.57) 9.84(1.39) 0.95(0.12) 2.04(0.28) 8.26(0.02)
S6 10/11/2007 70.25(0.06) 28.33(9.13) 5.80(0.65) 4.58(0.49) 4.55(1.50) 1.21(0.17) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 123.75(2.04) 10.24(2.54) 1.00(0.06) 23.19(2.12) 7.93(0.11)
S6 11/08/2007 66.58(5.00) 9.08(0.97) 13.30(0.26) 0.95(0.95) 1.10(0.07) 11.69(1.25) 1.80(0.36) 0.03(0.03) 0.00(0.00) 124.73(6.36) 6.26(1.61) 0.38(0.01) 0.41(0.14) 7.89(0.01)
S6 Average 53.28(4.60) 23.49(2.31)

12.97(2.63) 8.47(2.33) 3.65(0.45) 4.35(0.80) 0.29(0.14) 0.18(0.10) 0.00(0.00) 108.04(5.73) 10.22(0.82) 0.75(0.06) 6.91(1.60) 8.13(0.04)

C1 3/14/2007 70.44(4.53) 6.78(0.48) 6.38(0.20) 5.01(0.40) 7.56(0.84) 1.37(0.23) 0.00(0.00) 1.01(0.51) 0.00(0.00) 15.80(0.84) 5.51(0.44) 0.16(0.03) 0.58(0.08) 8.10(0.02)
C1 5/04/2007 6.57(0.75) 8.93(0.89) 52.91(3.92) 52.51(3.96) 0.92(0.08) 0.40(0.05) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 7.35(0.20) 6.71(0.48) 0.10(0.00) 0.29(0.03) 8.28(0.01)
C1 6/19/2007 39.15(0.32) 14.36(1.51) 4.18(0.73) 4.11(0.69) 1.85(0.22) 0.07(0.05) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 17.53(0.62) 10.99(0.48) 0.30(0.00) 2.31(0.30) 8.21(0.02)
C1 7/09/2007 98.34(1.47) 22.32(1.52) 8.22(0.76) 8.22(0.76) 2.22(0.13) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 14.05(1.33) 8.05(0.32) 0.35(0.06) 2.38(0.27) 8.37(0.01)
C1 7/31/2007 56.44(3.63) 10.42(0.56) 5.29(0.53) 5.13(0.54) 1.39(0.09) 0.16(0.01) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 13.72(1.04) 5.86(0.13) 0.22(0.01) 1.06(0.18) 8.17(0.04)
C1 9/06/2007 51.23(1.06) 9.22(1.13) 6.65(0.97) 6.22(0.89) 1.20(0.18) 0.43(0.08) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 16.94(1.53) 7.20(0.41) 0.34(0.08) 3.53(0.05) 8.24(0.02)
C1 10/11/2007 77.09(0.82) 13.66(1.93) 5.06(0.56) 4.52(0.55) 1.70(0.15) 0.54(0.03) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 18.87(0.81) 6.96(0.32) 0.46(0.11) 2.51(0.33) 8.07(0.04)
C1 11/08/2007 79.21(10.14) 7.05(0.88) 6.53(2.00) 5.51(1.48) 0.79(0.08) 0.31(0.11) 0.70(0.45) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 4.63(0.44) 0.15(0.02) 0.53(0.02) 8.13(0.02)
C1 Average 59.81(5.66) 11.80(1.09) 11.90(3.28) 11.41(3.28) 2.20(0.44) 0.41(0.09) 0.09(0.07) 0.13(0.09) 0.00(0.00) 13.03(1.27) 6.99(0.39) 0.26(0.03) 1.65(0.24) 8.20(0.02)

C2 3/14/2007 79.84(17.85) 7.42(0.86) 5.30(0.36) 4.54(0.59) 9.07(1.79) 0.76(0.32) 0.00(0.00) 0.70(0.16) 0.00(0.00) 9.78(5.00) 5.76(0.36) 0.29(0.04) 0.48(0.01) 8.15(0.01)
C2 5/04/2007 5.82(0.66) 5.26(0.33) 54.65(2.30) 54.46(2.30) 0.60(0.04) 0.19(0.02) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 3.75(0.26) 5.93(0.24) 0.10(0.00) 0.22(0.01) 8.28(0.01)
C2 6/19/2007 39.81(1.85) 14.78(0.83) 3.67(0.76) 3.40(0.85) 1.86(0.11) 0.27(0.18) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 14.83(3.24) 8.51(1.48) 0.30(0.00) 1.95(1.18) 8.20(0.01)
C2 7/09/2007 93.16(1.20) 14.90(1.11) 7.15(0.50) 7.15(0.50) 1.75(0.15) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.06(0.06) 0.00(0.00) 13.62(2.17) 5.68(0.27) 0.37(0.03) 2.43(0.29) 8.31(0.04)
C2 7/31/2007 51.16(4.14) 7.04(0.19) 6.28(0.76) 5.15(0.69) 0.93(0.05) 1.14(0.10) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 19.07(1.05) 6.06(0.58) 0.22(0.03) 0.69(0.05) 8.09(0.31)
C2 9/06/2007 49.49(4.29) 11.95(1.95) 7.00(1.11) 6.63(1.11) 1.37(0.28) 0.37(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 7.11(0.52) 5.83(0.23) 0.20(0.02) 1.83(0.12) 8.23(0.03)
C2 10/11/2007 61.53(3.11) 12.75(1.64) 7.72(0.54) 2.00(0.44) 1.73(0.06) 5.71(0.18) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 94.16(2.37) 5.60(0.39) 0.27(0.01) 2.06(0.21) 8.01(0.08)
C2 11/08/2007 64.79(1.18) 5.04(0.29) 3.93(0.45) 2.37(0.37) 0.54(0.04) 0.72(0.03) 0.83(0.07) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 3.40(0.46) 0.31(0.10) 0.18(0.06) 8.06(0.01)
C2 Average 55.70(5.54) 9.89(0.87) 11.96(3.39) 10.71(3.48) 2.23(0.58) 1.14(0.37) 0.10(0.06) 0.10(0.05) 0.00(0.00) 20.29(5.99) 5.85(0.32) 0.26(0.02) 1.23(0.22) 8.17(0.02)

Table 7. Average (�S.E.) nutrient, turbidity, and chlorophyll a concentrations, as well as pH in surface waters of Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA, following Storm 1
(1/10/2007 to 1/15/2007). (-) indicates where data were not collected. Stn. = station, DOC = dissolved organic carbon, PC = particulate carbon, TDN = total
dissolved nitrogen, DON = dissolved organic nitrogen, PN = particulate nitrogen, TDP = total dissolved phosphorus, TSS = total suspended solids, Turbid. =
turbidity, and Chl a = Chlorophyll a.

Stn. Date

DOC

TDN

DON

TDP PO

SiO

TSS Turbid.

Chl

a pH

(�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (mg/L) (NTU) (�g/L)

S1 1/10/2007 108.46(9.22) 20.50(0.51) 9.14(1.29) 3.88(1.27) 1.27(0.03) 5.05(0.05) 0.21(0.03) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 13.04(0.64) 0.31(0.18) 1.36(0.02)

6.97(0.02)

S4 1/10/2007 54.15(4.26) 14.25(1.06) 34.05(1.15) 14.15(4.06) 1.08(0.11) 19.55(3.00) 0.35(0.12) 0.02(0.01) 0.02(0.02) 14.30(3.36) 0.30(0.15) 0.86(0.04)

6.41(0.05)

S2 1/11/2007 53.34(1.57) 27.34(1.58) 5.58(0.92) 4.15(0.87) 1.78(0.11) 1.44(0.07) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 29.89(0.52) 36.01(3.27) 1.65(0.25) 0.00(0.00) 8.43(0.04)
S2 1/12/2007 45.80(2.76) 46.94(0.81) 5.04(0.37) 2.10(0.42) 2.79(0.10) 2.94(0.05) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 39.06(2.69) 32.86(1.29) 3.58(0.18) 1.15(1.15) 8.29(0.01)
S2 1/13/2007 38.83(0.79) 26.24(0.67) 5.56(1.04) 3.95(1.06) 1.41(0.05) 1.61(0.13) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 33.33(3.75) 28.29(3.49) 1.84(0.22) 0.00(0.00) 8.36(0.01)
S2 1/14/2007 42.10(1.37) 29.16(0.50) 6.62(0.38) 5.13(0.13) 2.27(0.14) 1.49(0.25) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 23.54(2.07) 37.46(2.12) 1.70(0.08) 0.01(0.01) 8.25(0.01)
S2 1/15/2007 41.56(6.27) 15.48(0.12) 5.71(0.49) 4.78(0.47) 1.25(0.04) 0.92(0.04) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 27.52(1.49) 24.27(2.84) 1.32(0.08) 0.00(0.00) 8.30(0.02)

S3 1/11/2007 61.08(8.07) 22.44(2.14) 7.81(0.54) 6.01(0.37) 1.22(0.09) 1.80(0.21) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 31.35(4.38) 44.68(2.72) 1.54(0.17) 0.38(0.02) 8.32(0.02)
S3 1/12/2007 37.32(1.06) 24.34(1.20) 5.58(0.46) 1.98(1.26) 2.18(0.13) 5.48(2.74) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 59.66(23.54) 29.52(0.82) 1.76(0.11) 1.30(0.03) 8.28(0.01)
S3 1/13/2007 42.81(1.25) 26.08(1.71) 7.97(0.82) 5.40(0.69) 2.03(0.41) 2.58(0.19) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 43.83(3.35) 31.20(2.09) 1.37(0.08) 0.77(0.04) 8.36(0.01)
S3 1/14/2007 46.33(0.57) 20.54(2.13) 7.58(0.54) 6.12(0.51) 2.25(0.50) 1.46(0.06) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 26.76(1.89) 22.15(0.73) 1.13(0.03) 0.53(0.12) 8.28(0.01)
S3 1/15/2007 32.54(1.69) 12.89(0.96) 4.67(0.28) 3.41(0.22) 1.46(0.11) 1.26(0.06) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 30.20(2.64) 29.78(2.11) 0.90(0.09) 0.50(0.03) 8.33(0.03)

S5 1/11/2007 27.70(1.63) 32.80(2.16) 12.71(0.34) 5.31(0.71) 3.06(0.37) 7.40(0.42) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 77.77(4.98) 24.43(2.18) 1.18(0.11) 0.63(0.32) 8.17(0.01)
S5 1/12/2007 20.77(3.17) 26.98(2.36) 12.52(1.13) 6.36(2.66) 2.57(0.52) 6.16(2.13) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 68.52(21.00) 28.64(1.14) 2.52(0.23) 0.36(0.11) 8.11(0.02)
S5 1/13/2007 12.65(3.05) 14.14(0.94) 16.79(2.66) 6.13(1.87) 0.93(0.13) 10.32(0.46) 0.34(0.34) 0.16(0.01) 0.00(0.00) 85.52(3.63) 16.48(0.89) 1.10(0.08) 0.05(0.05) 8.03(0.02)
S5 1/14/2007 23.03(2.94) 22.93(3.85) 15.67(0.88) 8.50(0.88) 2.41(0.59) 7.17(0.42) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 78.70(1.22) 20.69(0.94) 1.43(0.12) 0.47(0.15) 8.08(0.03)
S5 1/15/2007 13.22(1.74) 13.65(1.61) 13.31(0.67) 3.93(0.19) 1.31(0.06) 9.38(0.53) 0.00(0.00) 0.53(0.28) 0.00(0.00) 91.46(2.56) 18.62(1.53) 0.81(0.03) 0.04(0.04) 8.06(0.01)

S6 1/11/2007 27.04(0.51) 13.63(0.86) 14.39(0.81) 6.26(1.30) 0.77(0.08) 8.12(0.49) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 80.23(12.84) 31.30(0.93) 0.78(0.06) 0.45(0.06) 8.12(0.01)
S6 1/12/2007 20.01(2.11) 17.03(1.71) 7.51(1.09) 2.48(1.33) 1.18(0.21) 5.31(1.56) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 72.42(23.16) 21.69(0.56) 1.27(0.09) 1.59(0.06) 8.23(0.01)
S6 1/13/2007 29.38(1.16) 16.79(0.92) 9.97(0.56) 2.31(1.31) 1.27(0.12) 6.34(0.43) 1.96(0.94) 0.12(0.08) 0.03(0.03) 69.58(6.58) 22.59(2.15) 1.40(0.06) 0.47(0.06) 8.24(0.04)
S6 1/14/2007 22.66(3.90) 13.31(0.19) 15.10(0.95) 7.33(1.14) 1.44(0.15) 7.77(0.51) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 76.40(6.25) 16.61(1.57) 0.91(0.10) 0.50(0.01) 8.11(0.02)
S6 1/15/2007 27.63(2.30) 17.94(0.21) 11.18(0.76) 7.19(1.12) 2.07(0.06) 3.99(0.43) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 65.13(6.92) 27.47(2.42) 1.01(0.08) 1.72(0.21) 8.27(0.02)

C1 1/11/2007 44.75(3.30) 24.32(0.82) 5.58(0.62) 4.35(0.64) 1.09(0.03) 1.23(0.03) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 9.55(0.15) 26.72(1.30) 0.70(0.02) 0.04(0.01) 8.29(0.02)
C1 1/12/2007 40.01(1.82) 17.96(2.29) 5.11(0.32) 4.31(0.17) 1.35(0.16) 0.80(0.20) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 5.71(0.65) 22.36(2.64) 0.83(0.12) 0.60(0.06) 8.28(0.01)
C1 1/13/2007 45.93(2.56) 16.90(3.05) 5.84(0.55) 4.77(0.56) 1.54(0.59) 1.07(0.01) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 12.68(0.64) 25.72(4.88) 0.64(0.03) 0.10(0.01) 8.38(0.02)
C1 1/14/2007 40.89(1.86) 11.00(0.55) 6.78(0.27) 4.05(1.05) 1.26(0.08) 2.73(1.06) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 23.46(3.15) 21.54(1.14) 0.91(0.04) 0.00(0.00) 8.27(0.02)
C1 1/15/2007 41.94(1.54) 8.52(0.67) 5.55(0.53) 4.64(0.57) 0.81(0.04) 0.90(0.05) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 13.46(1.18) 22.52(0.29) 0.47(0.03) 0.01(0.01) 8.32(0.03)

C2 1/11/2007 43.63(0.91) 15.93(2.21) 5.50(0.17) 4.50(0.21) 0.89(0.06) 1.00(0.04) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 5.47(0.19) 33.01(5.33) 0.70(0.13) 0.55(0.02) 8.34(0.00)
C2 1/12/2007 35.39(1.07) 17.59(1.66) 6.00(0.17) 4.53(0.32) 1.34(0.08) 1.46(0.17) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 13.35(2.34) 23.58(0.87) 0.65(0.04) 1.31(0.03) 8.21(0.02)
C2 1/13/2007 54.11(5.66) 16.81(0.82) 6.51(0.63) 5.17(0.71) 1.06(0.06) 1.34(0.09) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 10.62(0.88) 25.38(1.52) 0.80(0.05) 0.62(0.02) 8.38(0.00)
C2 1/14/2007 44.97(2.24) 8.86(0.51) 5.25(0.19) 4.47(0.11) 1.07(0.02) 0.78(0.13) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 11.62(2.88) 28.19(0.81) 0.48(0.14) 0.60(0.06) 8.33(0.02)
C2 1/15/2007 41.01(0.36) 10.63(0.39) 5.17(0.40) 4.56(0.56) 0.90(0.07) 0.61(0.16) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 8.35(1.01) 23.95(0.89) 0.33(0.03) 0.77(0.05) 8.34(0.01)

Table 8. Average (�S.E.) nutrient, turbidity, and chlorophyll a concentrations, as well as pH in surface waters of Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA, following Storm 2
(3/01/2007 to 3/06/2007). (-) indicates where data were not collected. (*) indicates only one sample for data point. Stn. = station, DOC = dissolved organic
carbon, PC = particulate carbon, TDN = total dissolved nitrogen, DON = dissolved organic nitrogen, PN = particulate nitrogen, TDP = total dissolved phosphorus,
TSS = total suspended solids, Turbid. = turbidity, and Chl a = Chlorophyll a.

Stn. Date

DOC

TDN

DON

TDP PO

SiO

TSS

Turbid.

Chl

a pH

(�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (mg/L) (NTU) (�g/L)

S1 3/01/2007 272.83(10.92) 130.37(5.40) 7.97(0.83) 5.15(0.77) 8.59(0.65) 2.46(0.05) 0.36(0.05) 0.02(0.02) 0.01(0.01) 7.25(0.51) 6.02(1.88)

5.08(0.18) - 6.10(0.21)

S4 3/01/2007 107.61(4.54) 74.70(13.99) 29.31(1.86) 4.52(1.67) 6.04(1.06) 24.38(0.24) 0.41(0.08) 0.00(0.00) 0.02(0.01) 200.23(6.21) 5.18(0.57) 3.13(0.14)

6.23(0.07)

S2 3/02/2007 132.30(5.63) 55.67(1.28) 11.53(1.24) 9.77(1.19) 3.77(0.15) 1.75(0.17) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 76.70(6.88) 26.01(3.58) 4.52(0.25) 0.00(0.00) 8.02(0.05)
S2 3/03/2007 103.18(4.33) 32.88(1.19) 9.63(0.19) 6.31(0.81) 2.62(0.14) 2.66(0.11) 0.40(0.40) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 77.66(6.55) 22.09(1.48) 2.10(0.10) 0.00(0.00) 8.08(0.03)
S2 3/04/2007 83.74(3.03) 33.44(7.24) 7.85(0.88) 6.18(0.83) 2.74(0.56) 1.53(0.36) 0.15(0.15) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 29.48(11.04) 22.65(3.23) 2.32(0.08) 0.24(0.15) 7.99(0.04)
S2 3/05/2007 94.40(8.48) 31.08(4.48) 10.36(0.27) 8.38(0.28) 2.95(0.48) 1.98(0.37) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 42.29(7.09) 22.77(1.72) 1.18(0.06) 0.38(0.14) 8.15(0.02)
S2 3/06/2007 94.32(4.13) 23.70(1.08) 12.05(0.97) 6.51(1.89) 2.05(0.08) 4.64(0.17) 0.90(0.90) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 93.79(5.03) 15.52(1.88) 1.19(0.09) 0.18(0.02) 8.01(0.04)

S3 3/02/2007 134.87(8.12) 34.71(1.52) 10.68(1.05) 8.95(0.91) 2.60(0.19) 1.61(0.16) 0.13(0.13) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 79.12(0.71) 22.70(1.06) 2.89(0.10) 0.00(0.00) 8.09(0.01)
S3 3/03/2007 93.46(2.56) 21.14(0.39) 9.43(0.54) 7.22(0.38) 1.76(0.03) 2.06(0.04) 0.15(0.12) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 38.97(1.67) 19.34(0.97) 1.56(0.01) 0.00(0.00) 8.09(0.03)
S3 3/04/2007 74.82(4.83) 26.71(0.87) 10.06(0.23) 7.77(0.36) 2.20(0.05) 2.14(0.28) 0.15(0.15) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 27.65(6.24) 21.24(1.90) 1.84(0.07) 0.01(0.01) 8.05(0.03)
S3 3/05/2007 93.37(4.54) 20.03(2.81) 10.38(0.92) 7.92(0.42) 1.77(0.21) 2.46(0.53) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 45.08(5.56) 19.63(0.89) 1.17(0.11) 0.19(0.03) 8.17(0.02)
S3 3/06/2007 96.00(7.16) 16.30(0.88) 17.22(3.88) 8.50(1.32) 1.82(0.10) 8.73(2.62) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 121.08(22.38) 18.21(0.99) 0.95(0.09) 0.22(0.09) 8.05(0.03)

S5 3/02/2007 103.37(6.22) 43.58(4.47) 21.67(1.77) 14.38(1.02) 3.74(0.42) 7.20(0.76) 0.09(0.09) 0.03(0.01) 0.00(0.00) 179.43(13.96) 28.48(2.31) 3.60(0.45) 0.00(0.00) 7.93(0.01)
S5 3/03/2007 77.03(8.80) 24.81(2.12) 21.40(3.97) 11.71(1.57) 2.55(0.33) 9.58(2.43) 0.11(0.07) 0.08(0.08) 0.00(0.00) 141.62(55.08) 21.02(3.32) 1.67(0.25) 0.05(0.04) 7.96(0.06)
S5 3/04/2007 53.25(0.94) 19.35(0.84) 22.74(1.53) 9.83(1.35) 2.02(0.13) 12.88(2.70) 0.03(0.03) 0.06(0.06) 0.02(0.02) 232.20(10.40) 12.96(1.43) 1.18(0.14) 0.42(0.08) 7.79(0.03)
S5 3/05/2007 68.22(3.95) 15.85(1.18) 29.40(2.94) 14.13(1.90) 2.00(0.12) 15.27(1.57) 0.00(0.00) 0.02(0.02) 0.02(0.02) 204.37(20.91) 16.41(1.04) 0.95(0.06) 0.35(0.12) 7.98(0.02)
S5 3/06/2007 112.01(24.50) 25.14(1.14) 22.06(1.60) 10.04(0.81) 3.22(0.21) 12.02(1.18) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 159.89(14.77) 22.13(1.19) 1.17(0.03) 1.37(0.31) 8.04(0.01)

S6 3/02/2007 108.11(11.36) 30.54(0.69) 22.10(1.38) 11.95(1.26) 2.55(0.05) 9.72(0.12) 0.43(0.20) 0.05(0.01) 0.00(0.00) 188.15(0.64) 26.07(2.90) 3.05(0.12) 0.24(0.24) 7.88(0.03)
S6 3/03/2007 85.57(1.54) 14.75(1.54) 21.01(0.71) 12.23(0.53) 1.30(0.06) 8.27(0.27) 0.51(0.08) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 154.87(2.19) 15.73(0.71) 1.26(0.04) 0.00(0.00) 8.02(0.00)
S6 3/04/2007 84.53(4.68) 12.22(0.86) 26.57(0.89) 15.50(2.00) 1.24(0.04) 11.07(2.10) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 166.08(0.87) 14.66(0.68) 0.92(0.12) 0.03(0.03) 7.92(0.00)
S6 3/05/2007 101.47(24.20) 22.13(7.24) 22.81(1.98) 13.49(1.77) 1.81(0.39) 9.31(0.41) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 132.44(3.31) 20.87(2.52) 0.84(0.10) 0.00(0.00) 8.04(0.02)
S6 3/06/2007 95.23(7.03) 9.19(0.92) 20.08(1.38) 9.78(1.39) 1.20(0.07) 10.30(0.04) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 130.86(0.91) 10.01(1.16) 0.54(0.02) 0.30(0.03) 7.90(0.02)

C1 3/02/2007 90.07(16.95) 16.77(1.81) 11.41(2.75) 9.90(2.71) 1.10(0.05) 1.51(0.09) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 29.05(3.78) 28.10(0.65) 1.20(0.07) 0.00(0.00) 8.07(0.07)
C1 3/03/2007 79.90(4.43) 9.17(0.30) 8.86(0.62) 7.78(0.67) 0.93(0.03) 1.09(0.05) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 6.37(0.63) 19.24(0.31) 0.60(0.03) 0.40(0.06) 8.18(0.01)
C1 3/04/2007 79.17(6.83) 7.55(0.28) 8.43(0.51) 7.99(0.54) 0.82(0.04) 0.44(0.04) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 10.19(1.94) 0.26(0.01) 0.24(0.01) 8.06(0.02)
C1 3/05/2007 93.84(2.11) 8.33(0.69) 8.65(0.14) 7.66(0.14) 1.10(0.06) 0.99(0.03) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 3.07(0.74) 15.74(1.43) 0.57(0.04) 0.46(0.08) 8.13(0.02)
C1 3/06/2007 104.21(8.01) 7.95(1.23) 6.92(0.42) 4.19(1.62) 0.78(0.03) 2.73(1.30) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 5.46(0.32) 11.11(0.58) 0.25(0.05) 0.43(0.05) 8.16(0.00)

C2 3/02/2007 105.47(11.21) 8.28(3.86) 9.44(0.56) 8.15(0.54) 1.01(0.05) 1.29(0.02) 0.00(0.00) 0.03(0.02) 0.00(0.00) 22.13(0.66) 24.20(2.42) 0.91(0.07) 0.01(0.02) 8.18(0.00)
C2 3/03/2007 72.90(8.02) 8.21(0.36) 7.54(1.19) 6.72(1.17) 0.76(0.01) 0.82(0.03) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.23(0.23) 16.80(0.49) 0.41(0.06) 0.03(0.02) 8.15(0.03)
C2 3/04/2007 76.33(8.96) 6.45(0.57) 8.89(1.16) 7.85(1.09) 0.67(0.07) 1.04(0.07) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 12.83(1.76) 0.24(0.04) 0.01(0.01) 8.02*
C2 3/05/2007 99.87(9.60) 6.11(0.72) 7.47(0.32) 6.35(0.36) 0.75(0.08) 1.11(0.08) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 1.84(1.76) 12.07(0.58) 0.35(0.03) 0.19(0.02) 8.19(0.03)
C2 3/06/2007 109.10(2.53) 8.58(2.27) 12.00(1.01) 5.55(2.82) 0.72(0.05) 2.71(1.53) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.29(0.20) 11.08(0.41) 0.24(0.09) 0.15(0.01) 8.08(0.05)

Table 9. Average (�S.E.) nutrient, turbidity, and chlorophyll a concentrations, as well as pH in surface waters of Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA, following Storm 3
(12/12/2007 to 12/17/2007). (-) indicates where data were not collected. Stn. = station, DOC = dissolved organic carbon, PC = particulate carbon, TDN = total
dissolved nitrogen, DON = dissolved organic nitrogen, PN = particulate nitrogen, TDP = total dissolved phosphorus, TSS = total suspended solids, Turbid. =
turbidity, and Chl a = Chlorophyll a.

Stn. Date

DOC

TDN

DON

TDP PO

SiO

TSS Turbid.

Chl

a pH

(�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (mg/L) (NTU) (�g/L)

S1 12/12/2007 300.23(1.94) 294.98(12.49) 8.09(0.43) 4.64(0.42) 20.41(0.82) 2.67(0.04) 0.78(0.11) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 4.70(0.27) 15.57(0.56)

11.63(0.73)

6.80(0.10)

S4 12/12/2007 31.80(8.43) 11.05(0.42) 35.94(0.18) 16.73(0.62) 0.91(0.01) 19.00(0.53) 0.20(0.20) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 76.78(2.79) 0.66(0.01) 0.39(0.02)

5.99(0.02)

S2 12/13/2007 150.02(4.43) 128.19(6.61) 8.79(0.52) 5.87(0.26) 7.83(0.14) 2.92(0.31) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 40.41(0.29) 35.35(5.70) 6.23(0.14) 0.00(0.00) 8.15(0.05)
S2 12/14/2007 129.48(11.99) 92.56(2.84) 8.88(0.74) 5.80(0.84) 5.93(0.16) 2.98(0.07) 0.10(0.10) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 47.96(0.67)) 25.88(3.32) 5.17(0.31) 0.34(0.22) 8.34(0.10)
S2 12/15/2007 145.38(2.65) 110.91(2.35) 6.77(0.33) 4.97(0.16) 6.93(0.13) 1.80(0.46) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 28.54(9.73) 26.67(1.08) 4.77(0.26) 0.02(0.04) 8.05(0.12)
S2 12/16/2007 187.06(5.54) 218.82(12.30) 6.11(0.14) 3.89(0.11) 13.13(0.96) 2.22(0.05) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 20.85(1.89) 35.27(1.28) 10.28(0.61) 0.45(0.45) 7.71(0.30)
S2 12/17/2007 143.71(5.15) 64.85(0.92) 6.51(0.48) 3.65(0.50) 4.85(0.36) 2.86(0.04) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 45.42(2.20) 17.27(0.36) 5.10(0.07) 0.00(0.00) 8.17(0.01)

S3 12/13/2007 142.52(5.55) 61.72(1.46) 7.83(0.16) 4.58(0.20) 4.08(0.05) 3.25(0.06) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 57.27(0.64) 29.43(0.19) 3.38(0.05) 0.00(0.00) 8.13(0.12)
S3 12/14/2007 136.83(4.00) 58.06(3.00) 8.20(0.38) 4.99(0.43) 3.71(0.11) 2.73(0.09) 0.47(0.24) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 44.89(1.85) 25.37(4.49) 4.50(0.07) 0.00(0.00) 8.20(0.16)
S3 12/15/2007 105.07(2.32) 51.83(2.72) 8.28(0.55) 6.33(0.56) 3.62(0.09) 1.95(0.21) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 27.40(4.18) 23.95(4.00) 2.36(0.27) 0.17(0.29) 8.22(0.03)
S3 12/16/2007 163.25(6.93) 111.71(0.75) 7.29(0.29) 4.20(0.29) 7.50(0.58) 3.09(0.04) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 37.08(0.73) 24.63(2.29) 6.87(0.31) 0.00(0.00) 8.21(0.07)
S3 12/17/2007 130.74(0.78) 24.97(0.76) 7.66(0.17) 3.61(0.14) 2.28(0.04) 4.05(0.04) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 57.75(1.94) 8.43(1.30) 2.76(0.23) 2.21(2.21)

8.23(0.02)

S5 12/13/2007 49.85(1.93) 25.83(9.66) 25.94(0.44) 1.01(0.43) 1.67(0.19) 24.88(0.28) 0.05(0.05) 0.30(0.24) 0.16(0.02) 213.33(6.32) 6.31(0.38) 1.18(0.04) 0.27(0.13) 7.53(0.14)
S5 12/14/2007 62.94(2.81) 12.74(1.01) 24.64(0.43) 1.46(0.27) 1.16(0.06) 23.18(0.68) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.07(0.01) 195.37(7.98) 8.14(1.98) 0.86(0.05) 0.00(0.00) 7.69(0.19)
S5 12/15/2007 40.89(1.25) 11.81(1.19) 24.66(0.38) 11.34(4.92) 1.03(0.06) 13.33(4.62) 0.00(0.00) 0.18(0.04) 0.01(0.01) 126.15(28.08) 4.95(0.14) 0.75(0.08) 0.16(0.07) 7.28(0.09)
S5 12/16/2007 84.65(6.01) 28.80(0.22) 21.81(2.76) 1.64(1.55) 2.50(0.19) 20.17(1.21) 0.00(0.00) 0.37(0.32) 0.00(0.00) 189.24(4.55) 8.00(1.56) 1.91(0.24) 0.01(0.01) 7.23(0.04)
S5 12/17/2007 75.85(3.46) 23.47(1.17) 19.89(0.47) 0.77(0.28) 1.86(0.03) 19.12(0.21) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 137.33(11.02) 11.14(0.11) 1.85(0.09) 0.00(0.00) 7.91(0.06)

S6 12/13/2007 111.12(2.60) 37.10(1.41) 14.65(0.23) 3.59(0.22) 2.64(0.14) 10.99(0.02) 0.06(0.06) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 145.75(1.58) 13.78(2.80) 2.00(0.09) 0.00(0.00) 7.89(0.03)
S6 12/14/2007 124.54(4.21) 47.90(3.54) 10.99(0.25) 4.53(0.15) 3.51(0.15) 6.25(0.13) 0.21(0.21) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 97.46(1.43) 13.63(1.89) 3.69(0.49) 0.00(0.00) 8.06(0.01)
S6 12/15/2007 126.80(2.87) 63.74(1.17) 6.74(0.14) 4.00(0.10) 4.12(0.06) 2.74(0.03) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 41.54(1.30) 20.44(1.30) 3.38(0.04) 0.00(0.00) 8.23(0.02)
S6 12/16/2007 155.67(1.86) 82.93(1.89) 8.11(0.52) 4.42(0.47) 6.04(0.22) 3.70(0.09) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 41.06(1.59) 28.20(0.92) 4.92(0.46) 0.00(0.00) 8.11(0.08)
S6 12/17/2007 131.19(0.97) 30.32(1.15) 7.00(0.50) 3.70(0.55) 2.95(0.03) 3.30(0.05) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 50.62(0.33) 22.59(1.14) 2.62(0.02) 0.00(0.00) 8.18(0.05)

C1 12/13/2007

- - - - - - - - - -

C1 12/14/2007

- - - - - - - - - -

C1 12/15/2007

- - - - - - - - - -

C1 12/16/2007

- - - - - - - - - -

C1 12/17/2007

- - - - - - - - - -

C2 12/13/2007

- - - - - - - - - -

C2 12/14/2007

- - - - - - - - - -

C2 12/15/2007

- - - - - - - - - -

C2 12/16/2007

- - - - - - - - - -

C2 12/17/2007

- - - - - - - - - -

Table 10. Average (�S.E.) nutrient, turbidity, and chlorophyll a concentrations, as well as pH in surface waters of Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA, following Storm 4
(1/27/2008 to 2/01/2008). (-) indicates where data were not collected. Stn. = station, DOC = dissolved organic carbon, PC = particulate carbon, TDN = total
dissolved nitrogen, DON = dissolved organic nitrogen, PN = particulate nitrogen, TDP = total dissolved phosphorus, TSS = total suspended solids, Turbid. =
turbidity, and Chl a = Chlorophyll a.

Stn. Date

DOC

TDN

DON

TDP PO

SiO

TSS Turbid.

Chl

a pH

(�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (�M) (mg/L) (NTU) (�g/L)

S1 1/27/2008 258.65(6.28) 64.77(3.99) 8.77(1.08) 4.14(1.18) 4.56(0.25) 3.52(0.07) 1.11(0.05) 0.05(0.01) 0.02(0.02) 14.54(1.42) 0.22(0.22) 3.60(0.04)

7.28(0.06)

S4 1/27/2008 17.55(7.55) 7.98(0.66) 30.58(4.51) 11.60(6.29) 0.65(0.02) 17.72(1.82) 1.26(0.29) 0.09(0.01) 0.06(0.01) 17.17(7.99) 0.00(0.00) 0.32(0.05)

- 6.66(0.03)

S2 1/28/2008 81.85(2.19) 38.70(1.50) 7.39(0.19) 3.97(0.31) 2.34(0.06) 2.64(0.06) 0.78(0.40) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 48.90(2.02) 23.42(4.24) 4.13(0.11) 0.03(0.01) 8.18(0.08)
S2 1/29/2008 60.90(3.58) 41.69(0.90) 6.00(0.37) 3.42(0.41) 2.57(0.06) 2.59(0.15) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 55.49(2.78) 18.13(1.12) 3.77(0.51) 0.03(0.03) 7.94(0.09)
S2 1/30/2008 78.64(2.65) 322.25(42.34) 7.22(0.16) 3.09(0.11) 20.43(2.44) 4.13(0.17) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 66.05(2.21) 43.23(4.97) 22.40(1.82)

0.00(0.00)

7.91(0.03)

S2 1/31/2008 94.92(2.63) 89.72(5.27) 10.10(0.43) 5.73(0.29) 6.22(0.37) 3.51(0.30) 0.86(0.08) 0.53(0.30) 0.00(0.00) 74.54(2.25) 21.44(1.31) 5.80(0.41) 0.02(0.01) 8.00(0.04)
S2 2/01/2008 178.62(4.82) 164.70(21.52) 9.56(0.55) 6.16(0.58) 10.93(1.63) 3.40(0.04) 0.00(0.00) 0.72(0.30) 0.00(0.00) 53.88(1.20) 44.83(10.17) 20.63(0.17) 0.00(0.00) 8.04(0.02)

S3 1/28/2008 71.42(2.42) 30.32(0.21) 7.35(0.67) 3.33(0.92) 1.79(0.04) 3.64(0.09) 0.38(0.21) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 57.01(1.37) 16.10(2.11) 2.99(0.49) 0.00(0.00) 8.45(0.02)
S3 1/29/2008 49.86(8.23) 26.94(1.19) 6.07(0.87) 2.45(0.81) 1.67(0.03) 3.20(0.04) 0.42(0.21) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 60.44(1.27) 15.14(0.73) 2.69(0.20) 0.02(0.02) 8.02(0.01)
S3 1/30/2008 87.96(3.89) 164.24(29.56) 6.81(0.42) 3.98(0.49) 10.03(2.66) 2.83(0.07) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 46.93(1.26) 57.25(8.22) 12.73(0.03)

0.00(0.00)

7.92(0.04)

S3 1/31/2008 111.69(9.30) 56.59(3.65) 12.05(0.29) 7.87(0.10) 5.23(0.51) 3.56(0.03) 0.62(0.36) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 73.74(0.13) 13.83(1.62) 3.74(0.24) 0.00(0.00)

8.08(0.01)

S3 2/01/2008 136.20(2.19) 179.91(22.35) 7.62(0.03) 5.46(0.40) 11.88(1.46) 2.16(0.42) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 42.93(8.39) 47.96(6.29) 15.27(0.41)

0.00(0.00)

8.07(0.01)

S5 1/28/2008 16.17(1.42) 43.33(1.34) 20.18(1.57) 0.10(0.10) 3.09(0.16) 22.28(0.68) 0.02(0.02) 0.52(0.04) 0.06(0.03) 335.62(13.77) 10.71(2.50) 3.21(0.28) 1.26(0.19) 8.25(0.06)
S5 1/29/2008 22.90(3.98) 30.07(0.52) 17.93(0.32) 1.33(1.33) 1.92(0.05) 17.24(1.42) 0.00(0.00) 0.05(0.04) 0.00(0.00) 246.90(27.74) 11.04(0.70) 2.99(0.53) 0.73(0.20) 7.85(0.00)
S5 1/30/2008 40.70(2.96) 51.86(2.77) 24.05(0.59) 1.98(0.63) 3.55(0.27) 21.52(1.05) 0.55(0.27) 0.19(0.01) 0.08(0.03) 329.80(8.89) 10.83(0.52) 3.56(0.26) 0.16(0.09) 7.67(0.04)
S5 1/31/2008 61.28(3.80) 41.06(0.77) 19.74(0.09) 3.84(0.31) 3.94(0.12) 15.89(0.27) 0.00(0.00) 0.24(0.08) 0.00(0.00) 187.34(3.24) 9.31(1.27) 2.93(0.08) 1.72(0.13)

7.81(0.05)

S5 2/01/2008 74.42(13.83) 51.40(13.42) 19.94(0.85) 1.86(0.95) 3.62(0.85) 18.15(0.77) 0.00(0.00) 0.07(0.04) 0.00(0.00) 197.42(10.47) 12.61(2.85) 5.78(0.47) 0.00(0.00) 7.89(0.05)

S6 1/28/2008 73.62(5.35) 49.19(0.58) 7.28(0.59) 3.97(1.11) 2.95(0.06) 3.31(0.56) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 53.54(7.73) 21.72(1.74) 5.28(0.06) 0.03(0.03) 8.49(0.01)
S6 1/29/2008 60.05(2.01) 27.83(0.52) 7.35(0.38) 2.91(0.33) 2.03(0.12) 4.44(0.20) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 77.12(3.78) 14.00(0.50) 2.52(0.10) 0.32(0.05) 7.61(0.08)
S6 1/30/2008 95.75(1.07) 121.25(3.50) 9.47(0.63) 4.51(0.19) 8.43(0.14) 4.96(0.63) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 71.11(5.50) 36.58(4.63) 11.43(0.37) 0.00(0.00) 7.75(0.07)
S6 1/31/2008 57.52(3.49) 21.30(1.22) 17.87(1.97) 2.41(1.21) 1.79(0.05) 15.61(0.63) 0.00(0.00) 0.36(0.18) 0.57(0.52) 186.18(5.33) 9.46(0.40) 1.77(0.13) 0.00(0.00)

7.83(0.06)

S6 2/01/2008 129.70(6.06) 155.58(7.03) 7.96(0.09) 3.67(0.46) 9.88(0.45) 4.30(0.55) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 69.54(6.63) 31.80(3.99) 13.03(0.68)

0.00(0.00)

8.00(0.01)

1/28/2008

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1/29/2008

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

C1 1/30/2008 71.90(3.39) 59.56(1.33) 6.30(0.34) 3.95(0.36) 4.17(0.24) 2.36(0.03) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 32.28(0.26) 23.50(4.89) 6.26(0.18) 0.00(0.00) 7.97(0.04)
C1 1/31/2008 80.31(3.01) 18.42(0.87) 11.51(0.93) 7.28(0.81) 2.17(0.22) 2.66(0.07) 1.56(0.24) 1.17(0.65) 0.00(0.00) 23.28(0.83) 12.06(1.20) 0.93(0.11) 0.00(0.00) 8.04(0.04)
C1

2/01/2008

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1/28/2008

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1/29/2008

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

C2 1/30/2008 67.39(4.47) 51.66(1.80) 5.66(0.15) 3.01(0.49) 3.58(0.29) 2.14(0.06) 0.50(0.30) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 31.03(1.01) 27.97(2.73) 5.20(0.08) 0.00(0.00) 8.07(0.02)
C2 1/31/2008 102.36(14.17) 15.89(2.81) 15.96(3.24) 12.17(2.41) 1.95(0.46) 2.57(0.17) 1.22(0.66) 0.00(0.00) 0.00(0.00) 25.82(1.56) 11.75(0.45) 0.97(0.04) 0.03(0.03)

8.11(0.01)

2/01/2008

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Table 11a. Salinity profiles for station S2 measured in ppt (?) during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 11b. Salinity profiles for station S2 measured in ppt (?) during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

26.5 28.4 27.6 26.3 32.3 28.6 24.0 31.4

0.5

28.7 33.9 28.8 29.6 32.8 31.5 24.7 34.5

1.0

31.2 34.6 32.8 32.0 33.0 34.0 31.5 35.0

1.5

31.6 34.6 33.0 33.6 33.7 34.3 33.7 35.1

2.0

32.1 34.5 32.8 34.0 34.7 34.4 34.5 35.1

3.0

33.2 34.8 35.1 34.7 34.9 34.5 34.7 35.2

4.0

33.9 35.1 35.1 35.0 34.9 34.6 34.7 35.2

5.0 34.2

- - - - - - -

6.0 - - - - - - - -
7.0 - - - - - - - -
8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

25.5 25.2 20.7 26.7 27.0 15.9 24.7 28.7 28.0 23.0 23.9 21.1 18.3 10.2 14.9 - 24.2 23.1 26.7 18.1

0.5

29.7 27.3 29.1 30.5 31.3 22.1 30.9 31.1 33.3 25.9 26.2 23.3 19.7 13.7 14.9 - 25.7 24.7 28.3 21.3

1.0

32.3 29.8 29.9 31.6 33.1 29.1 31.2 33.2 33.4 33.5 29.7 29.0 29.6 22.8 25.1 - 26.2 25.1 29.0 25.1

1.5

33.0 31.4 31.3 32.4 33.1 29.8 33.0 34.3 34.3 34.4 29.9 29.4 30.0 26.9 30.3 - 29.8 26.9 30.6 25.2

2.0

33.1 32.4 33.0 33.2 33.4 30.8 33.8 34.6 34.6 34.5 30.6 30.7 30.1 29.4 28.0 - 30.3 29.1 33.3 28.1

3.0

34.8 34.2 33.8 33.8 33.7 33.7 34.4 34.7 34.6 34.6 32.9 32.4 30.4 30.2 30.8 - 45.4 31.5 34.8 28.7

4.0

35.0 34.4 33.9 34.1 33.8 34.6 34.6 34.7 34.7 34.7 35.1 33.0 32.7 30.7 32.1 - 31.3 34.7 35.0 33.8

5.0

35.1 34.6 33.9 34.5 33.8 34.7 34.6 -

- 34.7 35.2 34.3 34.1 34.6 33.5 - 32.3 34.7 - 34.6

6.0 35.1

34.6

34.0 - - 34.7 - - - - - 34.3 - 35.1 - - 32.9 - - 34.9

7.0

- 34.8

34.0 - - 34.7 - - - - - 34.6 - - - - 33.1 - - -

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Table 12a. Salinity profiles for station S3 measured in ppt (?) during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 12b. Salinity profiles for station S3 measured in ppt (?) during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

31.8 32.8 27.9 31.8 26.9 33.1 27.7 28.7

0.5

31.7 32.9 30.9 32.4 30.6 33.2 28.6 34.5

1.0

31.8 33.3 33.2 33.8 32.8 34.1 31.6 34.7

1.5

32.5 34.2 33.5 34.5 34.3 34.3 33.7 35.0

2.0

32.8 34.9 34.4 34.4 34.8 34.3 34.1 35.1

3.0

33.6 34.9 34.8 34.7 34.9 34.5 34.7 35.1

4.0

33.8 35.1 35.0 34.8 35.0 34.6 34.8 35.2

5.0

33.9 35.2 35.2 35.0 35.1 34.7 34.9 35.3

6.0

34.0 35.2 35.2 35.1 35.1 34.8 34.9 35.3

7.0

- 35.2 35.2 35.1 35.2 34.8 35.0 35.3

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

25.6 20.4 25.0 28.2 30.1 22.9 24.6 25.3 31.6 31.7 22.9 23.3 22.1 16.3 19.4 26.0 26.1 20.8 28.0 18.0

0.5

27.8 22.6 25.7 31.7 31.1 28.8 28.2 33.1 32.8 37.9 23.5 22.9 29.2 16.7 22.0 26.3 26.2 23.1 31.2 20.9

1.0

32.7 29.0 29.7 32.4 32.4 29.4 32.3 33.6 33.6 33.7 29.7 28.6 29.5 23.1 28.3 29.1 27.2 26.9 31.0 24.7

1.5

33.7 29.2 31.3 32.9 32.9 29.4 32.6 33.8 34.1 34.5 30.0 29.7 29.5 26.0 27.8 29.4 28.5 29.2 32.8 27.0

2.0

33.9 29.8 32.1 33.1 33.5 32.0 33.5 34.4 34.3 34.6 30.3 30.6 29.6 27.4 29.6 29.4 30.5 29.9 33.5 26.7

3.0

34.8 34.6 33.6 33.6 33.6 34.2 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.9 32.1 31.4 31.2 32.8 30.4 30.6 34.2 34.0 29.8

4.0

34.9 34.8 33.9 33.9 33.7 34.5 34.6 34.6 34.7 34.7 35.1 33.4 31.8 33.4 35.9 32.6 32.3 34.6 34.6 32.2

5.0

35.1 - 34.2 34.2 33.8 34.7 34.6 34.7 34.7 34.7 35.4 34.6 34.3 34.6 35.5 34.1 33.6 34.6 34.8 34.7

6.0

35.1 - 34.2 34.4 33.8 34.7 34.7 34.7 34.8 34.8 35.4 34.8 34.6 35.3 36.4 34.3 34.1 34.7 34.9 34.8

7.0

35.2 - 34.2 34.6 33.9 34.8 34.7 34.7 34.8 34.8 35.5 34.7 34.7 35.8 36.8 34.5 34.3 34.7 35.0 34.9

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Table 13a. Salinity profiles for station S5 measured in ppt (?) during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 13b. Salinity profiles for station S5 measured in ppt (?) during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

28.6 26.8 27.8 23.0 24.9 22.1 16.3 27.5

0.5

31.6 33.7 26.4 30.1 28.2 29.5 24.3 31.5

1.0

31.7 34.1 33.7 32.1 34.2 33.0 31.9 34.0

1.5

31.7 34.7 34.3 34.3 34.4 34.1 33.5 34.6

2.0

31.8 34.9 34.5 34.7 34.8 34.5 34.2 35.0

3.0

33.7 35.0 35.1 35.1 34.8 34.8 34.6 35.2

4.0 34.4

35.1 - 35.1 - - - -

5.0 - - - - - - - -
6.0 - - - - - - - -
7.0 - - - - - - - -
8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

17.3 19.0 18.8 19.3 26.2 22.8 23.4 20.4 27.5 22.8 16.0 19.7 16.3 10.4 15.5 17.3 21.3 18.0 24.9 13.4

0.5

28.5 21.9 22.2 27.3 27.8 24.4 28.5 30.1 32.1 31.6 21.6 21.7 21.2 12.9 17.7 21.5 24.6 23.0 25.4 16.2

1.0

30.7 27.6 28.0 28.2 30.6 29.7 29.8 33.6 32.5 34.0 28.0 25.9 22.3 13.7 24.2 21.5 26.5 24.4 28.0 26.0

1.5

32.7 28.8 32.6 32.4 32.4 31.8 32.6 33.8 34.5 34.1 29.7 27.9 28.5 16.4 29.0 27.7 29.1 25.8 29.2 28.1

2.0

34.4 32.1 33.0 33.4 32.8 32.8 33.1 34.5 34.6 34.5 32.3 30.9 32.0 26.2 29.6 27.8 29.8 31.1 32.4 31.8

3.0

35.0 34.4 33.6 34.5 33.2 34.4 34.2 34.6 34.6 34.6 34.6 32.8 33.3 28.6 31.4 28.3 32.8 32.2 33.9 32.8

4.0

35.1 34.7 33.7 34.4 33.5 34.7 34.7 34.7 34.7 34.6 34.9 33.7 34.2 31.4 33.4 - 33.5 33.1 - 33.5

5.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

34.7

- - - - - - - -

6.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Table 14a. Salinity profiles for station S6 measured in ppt (?) during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 14b. Salinity profiles for station S6 measured in ppt (?) during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

24.1 26.7 26.4 25.9 27.8 29.6 24.6 26.3

0.5

31.0 30.9 27.4 29.3 30.7 30.8 28.6 30.6

1.0

31.0 31.4 31.0 33.5 33.4 31.1 34.8 34.0

1.5

31.6 34.7 34.4 34.3 33.9 31.8 33.6 34.8

2.0

32.5 35.1 34.7 34.8 34.0 34.5 34.0 35.0

3.0

34.4 35.1 35.1 35.1 34.0 34.8 34.5 35.2

4.0

34.4 35.2 35.1 35.1 34.7 34.8 34.6 35.4

5.0

34.5 35.2 35.1 35.2 34.8 34.9 34.8 35.4

6.0

34.5 35.2 35.1 35.2 34.9 34.9 34.8 35.4

7.0

- 35.2 35.2 35.2 35.0 34.9 34.9 35.4

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

22.6 23.6 28.0 25.0 24.7 21.2 23.1 25.7 26.2 26.2 19.3 19.8 18.6 15.0 17.8 24.8 24.1 17.4 23.6 12.8

0.5

26.5 23.7 28.1 27.7 26.9 22.1 26.9 31.3 27.2 26.9 21.9 20.5 19.7 15.3 18.1 25.2 24.5 23.0 25.1 16.1

1.0

30.2 24.0 28.9 30.2 30.2 27.9 31.7 31.4 33.1 31.5 25.7 21.7 23.3 15.7 24.2 27.5 24.4 23.9 26.5 20.3

1.5

32.7 32.3 32.0 32.3 31.8 29.9 33.5 34.2 34.1 31.9 30.7 28.9 30.7 16.8 28.3 28.6 24.8 26.1 29.3 23.4

2.0

34.7 33.3 32.6 33.9 33.1 33.8 33.8 34.4 34.4 34.6 31.6 30.7 31.3 22.6 29.3 29.3 28.4 31.4 32.0 26.1

3.0

35.0 33.9 33.7 34.3 33.6 34.5 34.6 34.4 34.7 34.7 34.2 32.9 33.1 24.5 31.9 31.1 32.0 33.4 34.3 33.2

4.0

35.1 34.2 33.8 34.5 33.8 34.7 34.7 34.6 34.7 34.7 35.2 34.3 33.3 25.0 33.6 32.6 32.9 33.9 34.9 34.2

5.0

35.1 34.5 33.9 34.5 33.9 34.7 34.8 34.7 34.7 34.7 35.5 34.6 33.8 28.4 34.9 33.7 33.0 34.6 34.9 34.8

6.0

35.2 34.6 34.0 34.5 34.0 34.7 34.8 34.7 34.8 34.7 35.5 34.6 34.4 29.3 36.2 34.1 33.7 34.7 35.0 32.9

7.0

35.2 34.8 34.1 34.5 34.0 34.7 34.9 34.8 34.8 34.7 35.5 34.7 34.5 30.3 37.0 34.2 34.1 34.7 35.0 34.9

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Table 15a. Salinity profiles for station C1 measured in ppt (?) during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 15b. Salinity profiles for station C1 measured in ppt (?) during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

33.7 34.9 33.9 33.5 33.9 33.4 34.4 34.9

0.5

33.6 34.9 34.0 33.5 34.1 33.5 34.4 34.9

1.0

34.2 34.9 34.2 34.5 34.8 34.2 34.8 35.0

1.5

33.7 35.0 34.5 34.8 34.8 34.4 34.9 35.0

2.0

34.3 35.0 34.6 34.9 34.9 34.7 35.0 35.0

3.0

34.4 35.0 35.0 35.1 35.0 34.9 35.1 35.1

4.0

34.4 35.2 35.1 35.1 35.1 34.9 35.0 35.2

5.0

34.4 35.2 35.1 35.2 35.1 34.9 35.1 35.2

6.0

34.4 35.2 35.2 35.2 35.1 34.9 35.1 35.2

7.0

- 35.2 35.2 35.3 35.2 34.9 35.1 35.3

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

33.4 - 32.5 29.6 32.2 32.6 33.6 34.9 34.5 34.1 - - - - - - - - 33.4 -

0.5

33.9 - 33.2 31.3 32.4 32.6 34.1 34.8 34.5 34.1 - - - - - - - - 33.7 -

1.0

34.7 - 33.4 34.4 32.5 33.8 34.6 34.8 34.5 34.2 - - - - - - - - 33.9 -

1.5

35.0 - 33.4 34.3 33.0 33.9 34.6 34.8 34.5 34.4 - - - - - - - - 33.9 -

2.0

35.1 - 33.8 34.3 33.3 34.2 34.7 34.8 34.7 34.5 - - - - - - - - 34.1 -

3.0

35.1 - 34.3 34.4 33.9 34.5 34.8 34.7 34.8 34.6 - - - - - - - - 34.1 -

4.0

35.1 - 34.3 34.5 34.0 34.7 34.9 34.8 34.9 34.7 - - - - - - - - 34.5 -

5.0

35.1 - 34.3 34.5 34.1 34.7 34.9 34.8 34.9 34.7 - - - - - - - - 34.6 -

6.0

35.2 - 34.3 34.5 34.3 34.8 34.9 34.8 34.8 34.8 - - - - - - - - 34.8 -

7.0

35.2 - 34.3 34.5 32.3 34.8 34.9 34.8 34.8 34.8 - - - - - - - - 34.9 -

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

- - -

9.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

- - -

100

Table 16a. Salinity profiles for station C2 measured in ppt (?) during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 16b. Salinity profiles for station C2 measured in ppt (?) during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

34.3 35.1 34.0 33.9 33.7 34.6 34.5 35.3

0.5

34.3 35.1 33.8 34.2 34.2 34.5 34.7 35.2

1.0

34.4 35.1 34.2 34.7 34.6 34.5 34.8 35.1

1.5

34.4 35.1 34.4 34.8 34.6 34.6 34.8 35.1

2.0

34.4 35.1 34.6 34.9 35.0 34.7 34.9 35.2

3.0

34.4 35.1 35.0 34.9 35.0 34.7 35.0 35.3

4.0

34.4 35.1 35.0 34.9 35.0 34.8 35.0 35.3

5.0

34.4 35.1 35.1 35.0 35.1 34.9 35.0 35.4

6.0

34.4 35.2 35.2 35.1 35.2 34.9 35.0 35.4

7.0

- 35.2 35.2 35.1 35.2 35.0 35.3

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

34.4 - 32.8 31.1 32.7 32.2 34.4 34.9 34.6 34.6 - - - - - - - - 33.1 -

0.5

34.0 - 32.9 33.4 32.9 33.9 34.4 34.8 34.6 34.8 - - - - - - - - 33.1 -

1.0

34.8 - 33.2 34.0 33.2 33.9 34.5 34.8 34.6 34.8 - - - - - - - - 33.2 -

1.5

34.9 - 33.2 34.3 33.5 34.3 34.7 34.7 34.6 34.8 - - - - - - - - 33.5 -

2.0

35.0 - 33.6 34.3 33.7 34.3 34.8 34.8 34.5 34.8 - - - - - - - - 34.0 -

3.0

35.2 - 33.8 34.3 34.0 34.3 34.8 34.8 34.8 34.8 - - - - - - - - 34.4 -

4.0

35.1 - 33.8 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.9 34.8 34.8 34.8 - - - - - - - - 34.8 -

5.0

35.2 - 33.8 34.4 34.4 34.7 34.9 34.8 34.9 34.8 - - - - - - - - 34.9 -

6.0

35.2 - 33.8 34.4 34.5 34.7 34.9 34.8 34.8 34.8 - - - - - - - - 34.9 -

7.0

35.2 - 33.9 34.4 34.5 34.7 34.9 34.8 34.9 34.8 - - - - - - - - 34.9 -

8.0

- - - - - - - - - 34.8 - - - - - - - - - -

9.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

- - -

102

Table 17a. Specific conductivity profiles for station S2 measured in mS cm

-1

during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 17b. Specific conductivity profiles for station S2 measured in mS cm

-1

during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

42.2 44.8 43.0 40.3 49.5 43.9 37.9 50.6

0.5

43.5 51.9 46.4 47.7 50.1 47.4 40.8 53.5

1.0

47.9 52.6 50.0 49.0 50.4 51.8 50.0 53.8

1.5

48.7 52.6 50.4 51.3 51.4 52.2 53.3 53.8

2.0

49.2 52.6 50.5 51.8 52.5 52.3 54.4 53.3

3.0

50.6 52.8 53.0 52.7 53.0 52.3 54.4 53.9

4.0

51.5 53.2 53.3 53.1 53.0 52.6 54.4 53.9

5.0 52.0

- - - - - - -

6.0 - - - - - - - -
7.0 - - - - - - - -
8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

39.7 39.6 32.5 34.2 42.3 24.3 35.6 33.9 42.2 34.9 34.3 30.8 28.7 16.4 22.5 - 36.0 32.2 37.2 28.9

0.5

48.1 41.8 45.0 46.1 46.9 31.4 46.3 47.5 49.8 37.0 40.6 34.7 34.2 21.0 39.0 - 37.1 36.7 40.0 30.9

1.0

49.8 44.2 45.2 48.2 49.6 44.0 46.7 50.7 50.0 50.7 45.8 42.0 44.6 28.8 39.3 - 39.6 37.7 43.1 39.3

1.5

50.3 47.9 46.6 48.7 49.8 45.8 50.2 52.1 50.9 51.4 40.1 44.4 45.5 38.9 46.1 - 44.3 39.1 46.1 39.4

2.0

50.5 49.1 50.9 49.8 50.2 45.5 50.3 52.5 51.4 51.8 47.4 45.8 45.6 43.4 42.2 - 45.0 43.0 47.6 43.1

3.0

52.9 52.1 50.4 50.7 50.7 51.4 51.1 52.6 51.4 51.7 51.2 48.1 46.0 45.4 47.6 - 45.4 49.2 51.8 49.4

4.0

53.1 52.2 51.5 51.1 51.4 53.3 51.4 52.6 51.5 51.9 53.2 50.4 49.4 46.4 48.8 - 46.4 51.4 51.9 51.4

5.0

53.2 52.5 51.6 51.6 50.7 51.4 51.4 -

- 51.7 53.4 51.6 51.3 52.4 51.3 - 49.0 51.5 - 51.0

6.0 53.2

52.5

50.7 - - 52.6 - - - - - 52.0 - 52.8 - - 49.1 - - 51.8

7.0

- 52.0

50.8 - - 51.4 - - - - - 52.3 - - - - 49.3 - - 53.0

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

103

Table 18a. Specific conductivity profiles for station S3 measured in mS cm

-1

during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 18b. Specific conductivity profiles for station S3 measured in mS cm

-1

during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

48.6 50.3 43.2 48.0 42.1 50.4 44.3 44.1

0.5

48.6 50.3 47.9 51.2 48.7 51.0 44.9 52.9

1.0

48.7 50.7 50.6 51.9 51.5 51.8 48.2 53.3

1.5

49.8 52.0 51.1 52.2 53.8 52.2 53.2 53.6

2.0

50.1 52.9 52.3 52.4 54.6 52.3 53.8 53.6

3.0

51.1 53.0 52.8 52.8 54.6 52.4 54.6 53.8

4.0

51.3 53.2 53.4 52.8 54.7 52.6 54.6 53.8

5.0

51.5 53.3 53.3 53.1 54.6 52.6 54.6 53.4

6.0

51.8 53.3 53.3 53.3 54.1 52.8 54.6 53.9

7.0

- 53.3 53.3 53.4 54.2 52.8 54.6 54.0

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

39.8 27.9 39.3 40.7 43.9 39.7 38.5 39.6 47.3 47.5 34.4 35.1 32.9 24.4 30.3 37.7 38.3 30.3 41.5 29.1

0.5

43.9 33.6 39.9 47.4 46.5 42.9 43.7 50.5 48.9 47.9 45.0 34.7 43.1 25.3 35.3 38.2 38.2 34.0 46.3 30.2

1.0

50.0 44.4 45.9 48.1 48.1 45.2 48.0 51.1 49.8 50.5 45.8 43.1 44.4 34.5 38.1 43.2 38.9 39.3 46.4 36.5

1.5

51.4 44.9 47.8 48.4 49.0 43.8 48.2 51.5 50.8 51.5 46.1 44.7 44.5 37.7 42.5 43.3 43.6 44.9 48.6 42.0

2.0

51.5 45.9 49.4 49.4 50.3 46.7 49.7 52.2 50.9 51.7 46.6 46.2 44.7 43.3 48.4 43.3 45.1 43.7 49.4 41.6

3.0

52.8 51.7 51.1 50.5 50.4 50.2 51.2 52.4 51.3 51.7 52.7 48.1 47.0 46.9 50.6 44.9 45.3 48.5 50.4 46.5

4.0

53.0 52.9 51.5 50.8 50.6 51.3 51.3 52.5 51.5 51.8 53.2 51.9 48.4 49.6 52.8 49.9 48.7 51.3 51.2 49.8

5.0

53.2 - 51.9 51.3 50.6 51.4 51.4 52.6 51.5 51.7 53.5 52.5 51.6 51.6 53.5 51.0 50.3 51.4 51.7 52.9

6.0

53.2 - 52.0 51.6 50.7 51.4 52.6 52.6 51.5 51.7 53.6 52.7 52.3 52.2 55.1 51.2 50.7 51.3 51.8 52.8

7.0

53.3 - 51.1 51.9 50.8 51.4 52.6 52.6 51.6 51.7 53.6 52.4 52.3 53.9 55.5 51.2 51.1 51.5 51.9 53.0

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

104

Table 19a. Specific conductivity profiles for station S5 measured in mS cm

-1

during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 19b. Specific conductivity profiles for station S5 measured in mS cm

-1

during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

42.0 38.9 42.2 37.1 39.3 34.8 24.9 42.7

0.5

47.9 50.5 50.2 47.4 52.0 45.8 38.5 49.4

1.0

48.6 52.2 51.5 49.1 52.1 50.4 50.0 52.9

1.5

48.6 52.8 51.9 54.2 52.3 52.0 53.9 53.4

2.0

48.7 52.8 52.4 52.7 52.8 52.4 54.1 53.8

3.0

51.2 52.9 53.2 53.3 52.9 52.8 54.7 54.1

4.0 52.5

53.1 - 53.3 - - - -

5.0 - - - - - - - -
6.0 - - - - - - - -
7.0 - - - - - - - -
8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

31.8 30.0 30.3 29.4 39.5 32.0 36.8 33.5 39.2 35.5 25.9 29.9 24.5 17.0 26.6 24.3 33.7 27.8 35.5 22.7

0.5

44.2 35.3 35.1 37.2 42.2 37.3 44.1 46.1 47.3 51.2 29.3 33.6 31.9 19.2 28.3 31.6 35.9 34.1 37.4 26.7

1.0

47.7 42.1 45.8 43.6 46.7 43.2 44.7 51.1 48.6 51.4 44.3 39.1 34.6 20.7 37.8 31.4 39.1 36.5 41.5 39.2

1.5

50.4 44.2 48.8 48.3 48.7 46.8 49.4 51.5 51.5 51.4 46.1 43.5 43.3 36.8 44.4 40.4 43.4 39.8 43.6 43.6

2.0

52.2 50.2 50.4 50.2 49.5 48.7 50.8 52.4 51.6 51.9 49.3 47.0 48.3 39.4 46.0 40.8 44.1 45.3 48.2 45.8

3.0

53.0 52.3 51.1 51.6 50.0 52.2 50.8 52.6 51.6 52.0 52.2 49.7 50.4 43.0 48.0 41.8 47.0 47.8 50.6 50.0

4.0

53.2 52.6 51.3 51.6 50.4 51.5 51.5 52.6 51.6 51.8 52.0 51.2 51.8 48.2 50.8 - 50.5 49.3 - 51.3

5.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

52.6

- - - - - - - -

6.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

105

Table 20a. Specific conductivity profiles for station S6 measured in mS cm

-1

during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 20b. Specific conductivity profiles for station S6 measured in mS cm

-1

during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

38.9 41.5 41.3 40.8 43.4 45.7 39.1 41.0

0.5

47.5 45.8 43.7 44.7 48.2 47.3 45.2 44.6

1.0

47.1 48.1 47.7 49.8 50.9 47.7 51.8 52.5

1.5

48.1 51.9 52.2 52.0 51.7 48.6 53.2 53.8

2.0

48.9 53.2 52.6 52.9 51.8 52.5 53.5 53.9

3.0

52.3 53.1 53.1 53.1 52.4 52.8 54.4 54.1

4.0

52.3 53.2 53.3 53.2 52.7 52.9 54.6 54.3

5.0

52.3 53.3 53.3 53.4 53.0 52.9 54.7 54.3

6.0

52.5 53.3 53.3 53.4 52.9 52.9 54.8 54.3

7.0

- 53.3 53.4 53.4 53.1 52.9 54.7 54.3

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

38.8 37.2 33.2 37.4 37.4 32.2 34.6 40.1 38.5 39.5 31.6 30.1 28.1 22.8 28.9 36.2 35.4 25.5 35.0 21.3

0.5

41.0 37.4 43.6 41.3 40.3 33.6 38.1 47.9 40.1 40.0 35.1 30.7 29.9 25.2 29.3 37.0 35.7 33.8 36.9 26.3

1.0

46.6 38.5 42.4 46.6 44.8 42.6 47.3 48.1 49.2 46.9 41.1 35.1 35.5 23.9 37.7 40.4 35.9 35.3 39.3 32.6

1.5

50.5 49.3 48.8 49.4 48.2 45.6 49.8 52.0 50.9 47.9 46.8 45.2 45.6 25.5 43.3 42.5 39.9 37.8 33.4 36.3

2.0

52.6 50.8 49.7 51.6 49.8 50.9 50.3 52.3 52.3 51.8 48.2 46.6 47.9 32.4 45.3 43.1 42.2 44.8 47.5 40.7

3.0

53.0 51.6 51.3 51.4 50.5 52.4 51.2 52.3 51.6 51.7 51.4 49.9 50.1 36.9 48.9 44.9 47.9 49.6 51.0 49.3

4.0

53.2 52.0 51.4 51.7 50.7 51.3 52.6 52.5 51.5 51.6 53.4 52.2 50.3 44.0 51.0 48.9 48.8 50.5 51.8 52.0

5.0

53.3 52.4 51.6 51.8 51.0 51.4 52.7 52.6 51.5 51.5 53.7 52.7 51.0 41.7 52.4 50.1 49.1 51.4 51.8 52.8

6.0

53.3 52.6 50.8 51.8 51.0 51.4 51.5 52.7 52.7 51.5 53.8 52.5 52.2 43.9 54.5 50.8 50.1 51.6 51.8 52.9

7.0

53.3 52.0 51.0 51.8 51.1 52.7 51.6 52.7 51.5 51.6 53.8 52.6 52.4 45.5 55.5 50.9 50.7 51.7 51.9 53.0

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

106

Table 21a. Specific conductivity profiles for station C1 measured in mS cm

-1

during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 21b. Specific conductivity profiles for station C1 measured in mS cm

-1

during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

51.3 53.0 51.7 51.1 52.7 51.2 53.9 53.4

0.5

51.0 52.9 51.7 51.4 53.4 51.0 53.9 53.5

1.0

51.6 53.0 52.0 52.1 54.3 52.0 54.2 53.5

1.5

51.6 53.0 52.3 53.1 54.4 52.4 54.7 53.5

2.0

52.1 53.1 52.6 53.1 54.5 52.7 54.7 53.6

3.0

52.2 53.0 53.0 53.3 54.6 53.0 53.2 53.8

4.0

52.2 53.3 53.2 53.3 54.5 53.0 54.7 53.8

5.0

52.2 53.3 53.2 53.4 54.4 53.0 54.7 53.9

6.0

52.2 53.3 53.3 53.4 54.3 52.9 54.7 53.9

7.0

- 53.3 53.3 53.5 54.4 52.9 54.7 54.0

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

51.0 - 49.7 43.7 48.2 49.6 51.2 52.9 51.0 50.7 - - - - - - - - 49.2 -

0.5

51.5 - 50.0 47.7 48.3 50.0 51.7 52.7 51.1 50.7 - - - - - - - - 49.7 -

1.0

52.6 - 50.9 51.5 48.6 50.1 52.3 52.8 51.0 50.7 - - - - - - - - 49.9 -

1.5

52.9 - 51.0 51.5 49.1 50.3 52.5 52.7 51.1 51.2 - - - - - - - - 50.0 -

2.0

53.1 - 51.4 51.5 49.8 51.9 51.4 52.7 51.4 51.1 - - - - - - - - 50.4 -

3.0

53.2 - 52.1 51.7 50.8 52.3 52.8 52.7 51.6 51.1 - - - - - - - - 50.5 -

4.0

53.1 - 52.1 51.8 51.0 52.6 52.9 52.7 51.7 51.3 - - - - - - - - 51.1 -

5.0

53.2 - 52.1 52.3 51.4 52.7 51.7 52.7 51.6 51.4 - - - - - - - - 51.5 -

6.0

53.3 - 51.2 51.8 51.4 52.7 52.9 52.7 51.6 51.4 - - - - - - - - 51.5 -

7.0

53.3 - 51.2 51.8 51.5 52.7 51.7 52.8 51.6 51.4 - - - - - - - - 51.7 -

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

- - -

9.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

- - -

107

Table 22a. Specific conductivity profiles for station C2 measured in mS cm

-1

during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 22b. Specific conductivity profiles for station C2 measured in mS cm

-1

during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

52.2 53.2 51.7 51.6 52.0 52.7 52.6 53.6

0.5

52.2 53.1 51.6 52.2 52.5 52.3 53.9 53.6

1.0

52.2 53.2 52.1 52.8 53.8 52.9 54.5 53.6

1.5

52.2 53.2 52.2 52.8 54.1 53.1 54.6 53.6

2.0

52.2 53.2 52.4 52.9 54.6 53.2 54.6 53.9

3.0

52.2 53.2 52.4 53.0 54.5 53.5 54.7 54.0

4.0

52.2 53.2 53.4 53.0 54.4 53.7 54.7 54.0

5.0

52.2 53.3 53.2 53.1 54.4 53.9 54.7 54.0

6.0

52.3 53.2 53.3 53.2 54.3 53.9 54.7 54.0

7.0

- 53.3 53.3 50.3 54.2 - 54.7 54.0

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

52.3 - 50.0 46.9 49.9 48.0 52.2 53.0 51.0 51.3 - - - - - - - - 48.5 -

0.5

52.3 - 50.3 50.4 50.1 50.1 52.1 51.4 51.0 51.3 - - - - - - - - 48.7 -

1.0

52.7 - 50.5 51.0 49.6 50.2 52.3 51.4 51.0 51.3 - - - - - - - - 49.0 -

1.5

52.9 - 50.7 52.1 50.1 50.8 51.3 51.4 51.1 51.4 - - - - - - - - 49.0 -

2.0

53.1 - 51.1 52.2 50.5 52.1 52.7 51.4 51.0 51.4 - - - - - - - - 49.7 -

3.0

56.2 - 51.4 51.4 51.0 52.1 52.8 51.5 51.6 51.4 - - - - - - - - 51.0 -

4.0

53.3 - 51.4 51.4 51.5 52.3 52.9 51.5 51.6 51.4 - - - - - - - - 51.5 -

5.0

53.3 - 51.5 51.5 51.7 51.4 52.8 51.5 51.6 51.4 - - - - - - - - 51.6 -

6.0

53.3 - 50.5 51.5 51.8 51.4 51.6 51.5 51.6 51.4 - - - - - - - - 51.6 -

7.0

53.3 - 51.5 52.2 51.8 52.6 51.6 51.6 51.6 51.4 - - - - - - - - 51.7 -

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

- - -

9.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

- - -

109

Table 23a. Temperature profiles for station S2 measured in �C during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 23b. Temperature profiles for station S2 measured in �C during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

23.5 24.6 24.7 26.1 26.5 25.8 25.4 25.9

0.5

24.4 25.3 25.5 26.2 26.8 25.9 25.2 25.7

1.0

24.3 25.2 25.9 26.2 26.8 26.2 26.5 25.8

1.5

24.4 25.0 25.7 26.6 26.8 26.1 26.9 25.7

2.0

24.5 24.7 25.6 26.7 26.8 26.1 27.0 25.7

3.0

24.6 24.7 25.6 26.4 26.6 26.1 26.6 25.6

4.0

24.6 24.7 25.4 26.4 26.6 26.2 26.6 25.6

5.0 24.6

- - - - - - -

6.0 - - - - - - - -
7.0 - - - - - - - -
8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

24.4 23.4 22.3 23.1 23.6 21.4 22.7 23.0 23.5 23.2 22.3 22.6 21.3 20.6 20.8 - 21.5 21.0 21.9 20.7

0.5

23.6 23.2 23.2 23.6 23.9 21.2 23.5 23.4 24.0 23.0 23.3 22.7 21.8 20.6 21.0 - 21.8 21.7 22.4 21.7

1.0

24.0 23.5 23.4 23.8 24.2 22.9 23.7 23.8 24.0 23.8 23.8 23.7 23.8 21.1 22.7 - 22.2 21.6 22.7 21.9

1.5

24.1 23.7 23.4 24.0 24.3 23.2 23.8 23.8 24.0 24.3 23.9 23.9 24.1 22.8 23.5 - 22.8 22.1 22.9 22.3

2.0

24.1 24.1 23.6 24.1 24.3 23.3 23.9 23.9 24.0 24.4 24.0 24.1 24.2 23.4 23.1 - 23.1 22.4 23.4 22.6

3.0

24.2 24.1 23.9 24.1 24.4 23.5 24.0 23.8 23.9 24.3 24.4 24.4 24.2 23.6 23.5 - 23.3 23.2 23.8 22.8

4.0

24.2 24.1 24.0 24.2 24.3 23.8 23.9 23.8 23.9 24.2 24.7 24.6 24.4 23.8 23.7 - 23.4 23.8 23.8 23.5

5.0

24.2 24.2 24.0 24.3 24.3 23.7 23.9 -

- 24.2 24.8 24.9 24.6 24.3 24.2 - 23.6 23.9 - 23.9

6.0 24.2

24.1

24.0 - - 23.7 - - - - - 24.9 - 24.6 - - 23.8 - - 23.9

7.0

- 24.2

24.0 - - 23.7 - - - - - 24.8 - - - - 23.8 - - 23.9

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

110

Table 24a. Temperature profiles for station S3 measured in �C during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 24b. Temperature profiles for station S3 measured in �C during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

23.4 24.4 25.0 25.3 25.3 25.7 25.1 24.9

0.5

24.3 24.4 25.3 25.8 26.2 25.8 25.5 25.4

1.0

24.3 24.5 25.6 26.3 26.4 25.9 26.4 25.6

1.5

24.4 24.6 25.8 26.4 26.6 25.9 26.9 25.6

2.0

24.5 24.5 25.7 26.4 26.7 26.0 26.9 25.5

3.0

24.6 24.5 25.4 26.4 26.6 26.0 26.8 25.5

4.0

24.6 24.5 25.3 26.4 26.5 26.0 26.7 25.5

5.0

24.5 24.5 25.3 26.2 26.5 26.0 26.6 25.4

6.0

24.6 24.5 25.3 26.0 26.1 26.0 26.5 25.4

7.0

- 24.5 25.3 25.9 26.0 26.0 26.5 25.4

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

23.5 22.3 23.0 23.2 23.5 22.7 22.7 22.9 23.5 23.7 22.4 22.4 22.4 21.2 21.5 21.2 21.6 20.6 22.8 19.7

0.5

23.5 22.6 22.6 23.7 23.7 22.9 22.9 23.9 23.5 23.9 22.8 22.6 23.7 21.4 21.9 21.6 21.8 21.1 23.1 21.1

1.0

23.6 23.7 22.8 23.7 23.9 23.0 23.5 23.8 23.8 24.0 23.7 23.3 23.7 22.0 22.6 22.4 22.1 21.8 23.2 21.9

1.5

24.0 23.8 23.2 23.8 24.1 23.1 23.5 23.8 23.9 24.2 23.9 23.7 23.8 22.6 22.8 22.6 22.7 22.3 23.4 22.0

2.0

24.1 24.0 23.6 24.0 24.3 23.3 23.6 23.8 23.9 24.2 29.9 24.0 23.8 23.1 23.1 22.6 22.9 22.7 23.6 22.3

3.0

24.2 24.0 23.9 24.2 24.3 23.7 23.8 23.8 23.9 24.2 20.0 24.1 24.0 23.8 23.8 22.8 23.1 23.1 23.8 22.9

4.0

24.2 24.2 24.0 24.2 24.3 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.9 24.2 24.7 24.7 24.2 24.2 24.3 23.3 23.6 23.8 23.8 23.3

5.0

24.2 - 24.0 24.3 24.3 23.7 23.8 23.8 23.8 24.2 24.6 24.9 24.5 24.4 24.6 23.8 23.7 23.8 23.9 23.8

6.0

24.2 - 24.1 24.3 24.3 23.7 23.8 23.8 23.8 24.0 24.7 25.0 24.7 24.6 24.7 23.9 23.9 23.8 23.9 23.8

7.0

24.2 - 24.1 24.4 24.3 23.7 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.9 24.7 24.8 24.8 24.6 24.8 23.9 23.9 23.8 23.9 23.9

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

111

Table 25a. Temperature profiles for station S5 measured in �C during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 25b. Temperature profiles for station S5 measured in �C during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

23.8 24.9 26.9 26.0 25.9 25.1 24.1 24.6

0.5

24.2 24.7 26.2 26.5 26.7 25.6 25.2 24.9

1.0

24.3 24.7 26.1 26.6 27.1 25.7 27.0 25.8

1.5

24.3 25.7 26.1 26.9 27.1 26.6 27.2 25.8

2.0

24.3 25.4 26.0 26.7 26.9 26.7 27.2 25.8

3.0

24.5 25.0 26.1 26.5 26.9 26.5 27.0 25.7

4.0 24.6

24.9 - 26.4 - - - -

5.0 - - - - - - - -
6.0 - - - - - - - -
7.0 - - - - - - - -
8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

23.0 22.6 22.5 23.3 23.9 22.7 22.5 22.4 22.8 26.2 21.7 22.2 22.0 21.0 21.3 20.9 21.6 21.4 22.4 20.7

0.5

23.0 22.6 22.5 23.2 23.4 22.7 22.8 23.6 23.5 23.9 22.3 22.5 22.4 21.1 21.5 21.0 21.7 21.6 22.2 20.7

1.0

23.5 23.3 23.4 23.6 24.1 22.9 23.3 24.2 24.0 24.6 23.2 23.5 23.1. 21.2 22.6 21.0 22.1 21.9 22.4 21.9

1.5

23.9 23.6 23.9 23.6 24.2 23.4 23.7 24.2 24.1 24.6 23.9 23.9 23.9 22.2 23.5 21.6 22.7 22.3 22.7 22.3

2.0

24.2 24.1 23.9 24.3 24.3 23.7 23.8 24.1 24.1 24.5 24.3 24.3 24.4 22.9 23.7 22.1 22.9 22.8 23.3 23.2

3.0

24.2 24.2 24.0 24.3 24.3 23.8 23.8 23.9 24.0 24.4 24.5 24.8 24.6 23.2 23.8 22.3 23.3 23.5 23.7 23.6

4.0

24.4 24.2 24.1 24.3 24.4 23.8 23.7 23.9 24.0 24.4 24.8 25.0 24.8 23.9 24.3 - 23.7 23.7 - 23.7

5.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

25.2

- - - - - - - -

6.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

112

Table 26a. Temperature profiles for station S6 measured in �C during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 26b. Temperature profiles for station S6 measured in �C during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0 23.4 24.0 25.0 25.1 26.4 26.2 25.4 24.5
0.5 23.9 24.1 25.0 25.4 26.8 25.8 25.9 24.7
1.0 24.1 24.2 25.8 26.5 27.0 25.8 26.8 25.5
1.5 24.0 24.9 26.0 26.6 27.0 25.9 27.0 25.7
2.0 24.2 24.8 25.9 26.6 26.9 26.6 27.0 25.8
3.0 24.5 24.6 25.9 26.3 26.8 26.3 27.0 25.8
4.0 24.6 24.5 25.7 26.1 26.6 26.0 26.9 25.7
5.0 24.6 24.5 25.5 26.0 26.4 26.0 26.9 25.7
6.0 24.6 24.5 25.4 25.9 26.2 25.8 26.9 25.7
7.0

- 24.5 25.3 25.9 26.3 25.8 26.8 25.6

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth

(m)

0.0

23.6 23.0 22.4 22.9 23.2 22.6 22.1 22.8 21.8 23.9 21.9 22.1 21.9 21.2 21.4 21.2 21.4 20.9 21.6 20.6

0.5

23.2 23.0 22.3 22.7 23.1 22.5 22.2 23.4 22.1 23.1 22.2 22.2 21.9 21.3 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.3 21.8 20.7

1.0

23.2 23.1 23.2 23.5 23.7 22.5 23.5 23.5 23.7 23.4 22.6 22.7 22.6 21.3 22.3 21.9 21.6 21.5 22.2 21.1

1.5

23.4 23.6 23.5 23.9 24.0 23.1 23.7 23.9 24.1 24.3 23.7 24.0 23.4 21.7 23.3 22.4 22.1 21.9 22.9 21.5

2.0

24.1 24.1 23.8 24.1 24.2 23.5 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.1 24.1 24.4 24.6 22.3 23.5 22.7 22.4 22.8 23.3 21.9

3.0

24.2 24.2 24.1 24.3 24.3 23.8 23.8 24.0 24.1 24.1 24.4 24.6 24.6 22.9 23.9 22.9 23.4 23.5 23.7 23.4

4.0

24.2 24.2 24.0 24.3 24.3 23.8 23.8 23.9 23.9 24.1 24.9 25.0 24.6 23.3 24.2 23.5 23.6 23.8 23.9 23.8

5.0

24.2 24.2 24.0 24.4 24.3 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.9 23.9 25.2 25.2 24.6 23.4 24.4 23.8 23.7 23.9 23.9 23.9

6.0

24.2 24.2 24.1 24.4 24.6 23.7 23.7 23.8 23.8 23.9 25.2 24.9 24.9 23.8 24.6 23.9 23.8 23.9 23.9 23.9

7.0

24.2 24.2 24.1 24.3 24.4 23.7 23.7 23.8 23.8 23.9 25.2 24.8 25.0 23.9 24.8 24.1 23.9 24.0 23.9 23.9

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

113

Table 27a. Temperature profiles for station C1 measured in �C during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 27b. Temperature profiles for station C1 measured in �C during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

24.1 24.4 25.2 25.7 26.1 25.5 26.6 25.5

0.5

24.3 24.4 25.2 25.9 26.3 25.5 26.7 25.5

1.0

24.3 24.4 25.3 26.0 26.5 25.6 26.7 25.5

1.5

24.3 24.5 25.3 26.1 26.5 25.7 26.7 25.5

2.0

24.4 24.4 25.5 26.1 26.5 25.8 26.6 25.5

3.0

24.4 24.5 25.6 26.2 26.5 26.0 26.5 25.5

4.0

24.4 24.5 25.5 26.0 26.3 25.9 26.5 25.5

5.0

24.4 24.5 25.4 25.9 26.2 25.9 26.4 25.5

6.0

24.4 24.5 25.4 25.9 26.1 25.9 26.4 25.5

7.0

- 24.5 25.4 25.9 26.0 25.9 26.4 25.5

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

24.0 - 23.6 23.1 23.7 23.7 23.6 23.6 23.6 26.3 - - - - - - - - 23.3 -

0.5

24.0 - 23.7 23.5 23.8 23.6 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.9 - - - - - - - - 23.4 -

1.0

24.1 - 23.8 24.2 23.8 23.7 23.8 23.7 23.7 23.8 - - - - - - - - 23.4 -

1.5

24.1 - 23.9 24.4 23.9 23.8 23.9 23.7 23.7 23.9 - - - - - - - - 23.5 -

2.0

24.2 - 23.9 24.4 23.9 23.8 23.8 23.7 23.8 23.9 - - - - - - - - 23.5 -

3.0

24.2 - 24.1 24.4 24.2 23.8 23.8 23.7 23.9 23.7 - - - - - - - - 23.7 -

4.0

24.2 - 24.2 24.4 24.2 23.7 23.8 23.7 23.8 23.7 - - - - - - - - 23.7 -

5.0

24.2 - 24.2 24.4 24.4 23.7 23.8 23.7 23.8 23.7 - - - - - - - - 23.8 -

6.0

24.2 - 24.2 24.4 24.4 23.7 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 - - - - - - - - 23.8 -

7.0

24.2 - 24.2 24.4 24.4 23.7 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 - - - - - - - - 23.8 -

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

- - -

9.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

- - -

114

Table 28a. Temperature profiles for station C2 measured in �C during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 28b. Temperature profiles for station C2 measured in �C during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

24.5 24.3 25.1 24.9 25.7 25.3 26.5 25.1

0.5

24.5 24.4 25.3 26.1 25.9 25.5 26.5 25.2

1.0

24.4 24.4 25.3 26.2 26.2 25.6 26.6 25.3

1.5

24.4 24.4 25.3 26.6 26.3 25.7 26.7 25.3

2.0

24.4 24.4 25.4 26.3 26.5 25.7 26.7 25.5

3.0

24.4 24.4 25.4 26.2 26.4 25.9 26.7 25.5

4.0

24.4 24.4 25.4 26.2 26.3 25.9 26.6 25.5

5.0

24.4 24.4 25.4 26.1 26.1 25.9 26.5 25.5

6.0

24.4 24.4 25.4 25.9 26.0 25.9 26.5 25.5

7.0

- 24.4 25.4 25.8 25.9 - 26.5 25.4

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

22.2 - 23.6 23.2 23.2 23.1 23.4 23.6 23.5 20.2 - - - - - - - - 22.9 -

0.5

24.0 - 23.6 23.7 23.8 23.6 23.6 23.7 23.5 23.6 - - - - - - - - 23.0 -

1.0

24.1 - 23.6 24.0 24.0 23.7 23.6 23.7 23.6 23.6 - - - - - - - - 23.2 -

1.5

24.1 - 23.7 24.2 24.1 23.8 23.7 23.7 23.6 23.7 - - - - - - - - 23.4 -

2.0

24.1 - 23.7 24.3 24.3 23.8 23.7 23.7 23.6 23.7 - - - - - - - - 23.4 -

3.0

24.1 - 23.8 24.2 24.3 23.8 23.8 23.7 23.8 23.7 - - - - - - - - 23.7 -

4.0

24.2 - 23.9 24.2 24.4 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.7 - - - - - - - - 23.8 -

5.0

24.2 - 23.9 24.2 24.5 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.7 - - - - - - - - 23.8 -

6.0

24.2 - 24.0 24.3 24.5 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.7 - - - - - - - - 23.8 -

7.0

24.2 - 24.0 24.3 24.5 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.7 - - - - - - - - 23.8 -

8.0

- - - - - - - - - 23.7 - - - - - - - - - -

9.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

- - -

116

Table 29a. Dissolved oxygen profiles for station S2 measured in mg O

-1

during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 29b. Dissolved oxygen profiles for station S2 measured in mg O

-1

during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

7.25 6.66 6.05 6.61 5.66 5.58 6.63 5.92

0.5

7.18 6.23 6.08 6.16 5.49 5.43 7.26 5.71

1.0

6.92 6.50 6.37 6.07 5.52 5.17 5.99 5.78

1.5

6.77 6.43 6.08 6.10 5.68 5.20 5.88 5.85

2.0

6.74 6.53 5.84 6.19 5.50 5.05 5.83 5.75

3.0

6.79 6.39 5.62 5.92 5.60 5.09 5.66 5.81

4.0

6.70 6.33 5.56 5.49 5.60 5.01 5.72 5.88

5.0 6.41

- - - - - - -

6.0 - - - - - - - -
7.0 - - - - - - - -
8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

6.45 6.61 7.27 6.40 6.28 7.59 6.71 6.26 5.92 6.22 7.13 7.38 7.76 8.45 7.86 - 6.72 7.09 6.37 7.59

0.5

5.65 6.40 6.52 5.84 6.00 6.47 5.64 5.82 5.62 6.31 6.73 7.01 7.57 8.21 7.81 - 6.75 6.70 6.06 6.72

1.0

5.61 6.20 6.26 5.97 5.92 5.98 5.85 5.62 5.63 5.83 6.38 6.39 6.27 6.95 6.57 - 6.39 6.79 6.06 6.41

1.5

5.52 6.11 6.21 5.98 5.87 6.22 5.87 5.63 5.53 5.82 6.28 6.38 6.32 6.69 6.17 - 6.34 6.56 5.96 6.62

2.0

5.54 5.99 6.10 5.89 6.04 5.90 5.36 5.76 5.44 5.79 6.28 6.46 6.32 6.45 6.33 - 6.29 6.42 5.30 6.29

3.0

5.17 5.90 6.27 5.79 6.08 5.30 4.90 5.43 5.56 5.80 6.23 6.12 6.29 6.39 6.36 - 6.20 5.18 4.30 5.73

4.0

5.00 5.72 6.15 5.84 6.11 5.92 5.34 5.29 5.38 5.81 5.95 6.26 5.95 6.09 5.98 - 5.84 4.56 4.22 4.90

5.0

4.73 6.06 6.06 5.79 6.19 5.50 4.83 -

- 5.87 6.06 6.06 5.61 5.37 5.47 - 5.46 4.66 - 3.79

6.0 4.83

6.08

6.08 - - 5.58 - - - - - 5.88 - 5.30 - - 4.77 - - 3.86

7.0

- 6.11

6.04 - - 5.50 - - - - -

5.29

- - - -

4.66

- -

3.85

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

117

Table 30a. Dissolved oxygen profiles for station S3 measured in mg O

-1

during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 30b. Dissolved oxygen profiles for station S3 measured in mg O

-1

during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

6.95 6.61 6.69 6.58 6.53 5.15 6.54 5.98

0.5

7.03 6.57 6.99 6.42 5.90 4.97 6.59 5.77

1.0

6.85 6.56 6.60 6.32 5.57 5.00 6.23 5.66

1.5

6.96 6.66 6.18 6.25 5.73 4.97 6.05 5.93

2.0

6.92 6.68 6.07 6.08 5.64 4.93 6.02 5.88

3.0

6.90 6.67 5.83 6.12 5.33 4.93 5.82 5.91

4.0

6.70 6.78 5.79 6.07 5.43 4.76 5.71 5.86

5.0

6.00 6.72 5.83 6.34 5.47 5.09 5.77 5.99

6.0

6.64 6.70 5.91 6.16 5.78 5.31 5.84 5.94

7.0

- 6.56 5.96 6.12 5.95 5.36 5.89 5.87

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

6.42 7.42 6.56 6.24 6.03 6.47 6.12 6.31 5.49 6.43 6.96 6.31 7.13 7.72 7.08 6.88 6.62 7.15 6.13 7.42

0.5

6.23 6.89 6.39 5.90 6.03 6.26 5.87 5.82 5.71 5.92 6.40 6.19 6.57 7.65 6.93 6.92 6.67 6.85 6.03 7.39

1.0

5.88 6.22 6.10 5.92 5.91 6.31 5.90 5.71 5.54 5.80 6.20 6.56 6.64 7.04 6.65 6.60 6.58 6.48 5.97 6.86

1.5

5.59 6.31 6.10 6.00 5.83 6.42 6.26 5.92 5.52 5.74 6.19 6.45 6.54 6.94 6.33 6.51 6.41 6.42 5.95 6.82

2.0

5.50 5.94 5.85 5.99 5.78 6.21 5.92 5.94 5.54 5.94 6.33 6.44 6.58 6.69 6.42 6.46 6.24 6.29 5.71 6.65

3.0

4.96 5.94 5.99 5.87 5.96 5.14 5.71 5.82 5.49 5.80 5.95 6.20 6.41 6.44 5.97 6.57 6.26 5.20 5.22 6.26

4.0

5.91 5.83 5.93 5.94 6.06 5.12 5.93 6.04 5.69 5.83 5.90 5.86 6.15 5.97 5.27 5.76 5.79 5.59 5.25 5.82

5.0

5.97 - 5.94 5.96 6.05 5.44 5.84 5.96 5.61 5.70 6.06 5.54 6.14 5.91 5.22 5.38 5.64 5.65 5.25 5.36

6.0

5.91 - 6.06 5.83 6.14 5.97 5.92 6.08 5.57 5.83 6.02 5.61 5.95 8.80 4.91 5.78 4.55 5.78 5.61 5.17

7.0

5.96 - 5.93 5.70 6.12 6.04 5.96 6.03 5.73 5.75 6.05 6.00 5.80 5.60 4.90 5.70 4.81 5.86 5.85 4.55

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

118

Table 31a. Dissolved oxygen profiles for station S5 measured in mg O

-1

during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 31b. Dissolved oxygen profiles for station S5 measured in mg O

-1

during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

7.08 6.50 6.46 6.88 6.06 5.38 6.76 5.67

0.5

7.02 6.82 6.77 6.74 5.66 5.76 7.88 5.66

1.0

6.73 6.90 6.23 6.59 5.67 4.66 6.52 5.99

1.5

6.98 6.42 6.42 6.57 5.71 4.83 6.26 6.00

2.0

6.66 6.58 6.41 6.38 5.59 3.72 6.06 5.93

3.0

6.66 6.61 5.72 4.67 5.17 3.48 5.79 5.84

4.0 7.02

5.73 - 5.02 - - - -

5.0 - - - - - - - -
6.0 - - - - - - - -
7.0 - - - - - - - -
8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

6.03 6.50 5.98 6.13 6.26 6.23 5.17 5.86 5.57 5.47 6.43 7.04 6.25 6.30 6.62 6.56 6.29 6.41 5.90 7.13

0.5

5.71 6.43 6.15 6.12 6.17 6.21 5.16 5.37 5.53 5.55 6.18 7.01 6.16 6.72 6.53 6.80 6.43 6.76 6.01 7.44

1.0

5.35 6.30 5.56 6.28 6.10 5.56 5.30 5.64 5.81 5.69 6.22 6.68 6.23 7.03 5.78 7.08 6.35 6.57 5.74 5.84

1.5

5.77 6.22 5.74 5.85 5.84 5.09 5.31 5.48 5.53 5.34 6.14 6.50 6.11 6.72 6.06 6.64 5.39 6.28 5.93 5.61

2.0

5.33 5.60 5.95 6.26 5.82 5.53 5.38 5.40 5.72 5.59 5.94 6.13 5.32 6.69 5.98 6.18 5.33 5.92 5.06 5.44

3.0

4.00 5.80 5.59 5.70 5.86 4.71 5.33 5.51 5.83 4.73 5.79 5.84 5.02 6.50 5.41 6.01 5.15 5.41 4.07 3.75

4.0

3.74 5.39 4.55 4.94 5.52 4.29 3.93 4.42 4.73 4.51 5.13 5.50 3.62 2.60 3.87 - 4.33 4.18 - 3.20

5.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

3.16

- - - - - - - -

6.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

119

Table 32a. Dissolved oxygen profiles for station S6 measured in mg O

-1

during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 32b. Dissolved oxygen profiles for station S6 measured in mg O

-1

during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

7.05 6.57 6.72 7.31 6.35 5.42 6.85 5.73

0.5

6.97 6.83 6.97 7.01 6.27 5.30 6.34 5.83

1.0

6.77 6.62 6.11 6.35 6.01 5.26 6.24 5.97

1.5

6.98 5.93 6.29 6.04 6.06 5.44 6.13 5.83

2.0

6.84 6.41 5.99 5.78 5.72 5.05 6.09 5.82

3.0

6.73 6.45 5.66 5.64 5.81 5.12 5.85 5.76

4.0

6.80 6.40 5.72 5.95 5.64 5.18 5.76 5.71

5.0

6.83 6.54 5.91 6.16 5.65 5.23 5.76 5.68

6.0

6.67 6.37 5.76 6.12 5.60 5.44 5.45 5.70

7.0

- 6.50 5.70 5.90 5.70 5.31 4.90 5.70

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

5.94 6.49 6.56 5.92 6.03 6.01 6.17 6.07 5.94 6.11 7.09 6.89 7.40 7.71 7.35 7.00 6.64 7.06 5.89 7.19

0.5

5.93 6.41 6.20 5.81 6.13 6.04 6.10 5.86 5.90 5.92 6.69 7.12 7.39 7.57 7.29 6.96 6.74 6.99 6.03 7.33

1.0

5.59 6.49 6.20 5.73 5.99 5.24 5.26 5.63 5.02 5.84 6.18 6.55 6.52 7.60 6.15 6.77 6.57 6.71 5.87 6.60

1.5

5.00 5.84 6.01 5.73 5.88 5.10 5.00 5.01 5.46 5.89 6.07 5.99 5.85 7.55 6.34 5.76 6.41 5.82 5.75 6.54

2.0

5.05 5.98 5.99 5.60 5.90 5.84 5.08 5.14 5.53 5.94 6.20 6.22 5.60 7.76 6.17 6.12 6.12 5.59 5.21 5.64

3.0

5.21 5.82 5.81 6.08 6.03 5.20 5.02 5.45 5.75 5.78 5.86 5.82 5.62 6.83 5.43 6.23 5.62 5.12 4.75 4.69

4.0

5.76 5.75 5.99 5.95 5.98 5.53 5.11 5.58 5.63 5.62 5.48 5.34 6.03 6.70 5.19 5.16 5.52 4.85 4.20 4.69

5.0

5.57 5.88 5.78 5.96 5.81 5.92 5.67 5.98 5.62 5.70 5.28 5.09 5.92 6.67 4.97 5.45 4.91 4.90 5.32 4.47

6.0

5.85 5.91 5.66 5.77 5.39 5.62 5.52 6.02 5.33 5.73 5.09 5.74 4.78 6.60 4.71 5.02 4.51 3.63 5.53 5.10

7.0

5.72 5.76 5.85 5.70 5.10 5.61 5.22 5.88 5.58 5.74 5.09 5.42 4.91 6.60 4.29 4.06 4.47 4.20 5.02 5.39

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

120

Table 33a. Dissolved oxygen profiles for station C1 measured in mg O

-1

during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 33b. Dissolved oxygen profiles for station C1 measured in mg O

-1

during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

6.84 6.60 6.38 6.34 6.18 5.44 5.84 5.86

0.5

6.98 6.57 6.35 6.41 5.87 5.51 5.83 5.79

1.0

6.67 6.58 6.30 6.45 5.83 5.63 5.75 5.75

1.5

6.79 6.49 6.03 6.23 5.86 5.70 5.60 5.91

2.0

6.56 6.55 6.26 6.12 5.91 5.74 5.67 5.97

3.0

6.53 6.65 6.26 6.35 5.90 5.76 5.64 5.94

4.0

6.22 6.77 6.18 6.22 5.75 5.74 5.54 5.92

5.0

6.51 6.63 6.10 6.06 5.74 5.73 5.54 5.90

6.0

6.50 6.42 6.11 5.98 5.48 5.69 5.43 5.90

7.0

- 6.45 6.12 5.46 5.48 5.76 5.45 5.70

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

5.95 - 6.20 6.30 6.17 5.78 5.95 6.26 5.84 5.74 - - - - - - - - 5.60 -

0.5

6.17 - 6.02 6.38 6.15 5.58 6.05 5.96 5.78 5.80 - - - - - - - - 5.52 -

1.0

6.09 - 6.01 6.05 6.23 5.46 5.95 5.91 5.75 5.83 - - - - - - - - 5.54 -

1.5

5.99 - 5.81 6.10 6.14 5.34 6.06 5.94 5.82 5.51 - - - - - - - - 5.59 -

2.0

6.05 - 5.99 6.08 6.27 5.87 6.05 5.87 5.92 5.48 - - - - - - - - 5.55 -

3.0

6.03 - 5.91 6.08 6.15 5.84 6.08 5.95 5.26 5.82 - - - - - - - - 5.72 -

4.0

5.50 - 5.90 5.94 6.18 6.07 6.04 5.87 5.23 5.87 - - - - - - - - 5.71 -

5.0

5.44 - 5.91 6.01 6.02 5.81 6.09 5.88 5.39 5.88 - - - - - - - - 5.93 -

6.0

5.53 - 5.90 5.75 6.03 5.72 6.81 5.93 5.43 5.63 - - - - - - - - 5.82 -

7.0

4.90 - 6.00 5.81 6.11 5.71 6.08 5.84 5.48 5.84 - - - - - - - - 5.83 -

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

- - -

9.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

- - -

121

Table 34a. Dissolved oxygen profiles for station C2 measured in mg O

-1

during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 34b. Dissolved oxygen profiles for station C1 measured in mg O

-1

during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

6.37 6.31 6.32 6.41 5.94 5.46 5.38 5.73

0.5

6.41 6.57 6.26 6.41 5.92 5.47 5.79 5.69

1.0

6.39 6.50 6.09 6.28 5.90 5.55 5.34 5.67

1.5

6.44 6.36 5.99 6.26 5.90 5.51 8.29 5.70

2.0

6.47 6.28 5.96 6.28 5.93 5.68 5.19 5.47

3.0

6.43 6.01 6.15 6.35 5.93 5.68 5.36 5.01

4.0

6.43 5.95 6.09 6.25 5.86 5.71 5.06 4.91

5.0

6.32 5.99 5.86 5.82 5.89 5.81 4.87 4.81

6.0

6.32 5.90 5.49 4.97 5.37 5.80 4.85 4.86

7.0

- 5.78 5.13 4.79 4.94 - 4.92 4.85

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

6.07 - 5.98 6.23 6.09 5.79 5.93 5.37 5.71 5.76 - - - - - - - - 6.05 -

0.5

5.93 - 5.98 5.96 6.06 5.94 5.83 5.82 5.69 5.78 - - - - - - - - 5.93 -

1.0

5.79 - 6.02 5.92 6.18 5.78 5.88 5.45 5.72 5.73 - - - - - - - - 5.79 -

1.5

5.40 - 5.94 5.90 6.25 5.31 5.70 5.35 5.76 5.83 - - - - - - - - 5.60 -

2.0

5.08 - 5.92 5.99 6.20 5.21 5.86 5.30 5.67 5.59 - - - - - - - - 5.51 -

3.0

4.90 - 5.95 5.73 6.11 4.73 6.19 5.42 4.90 5.69 - - - - - - - - 5.85 -

4.0

5.10 - 5.73 5.48 5.70 5.17 6.02 5.17 4.79 5.77 - - - - - - - - 6.02 -

5.0

5.27 - 5.73 5.40 5.62 4.78 5.90 5.13 4.88 5.70 - - - - - - - - 6.02 -

6.0

5.13 - 5.66 5.36 5.44 4.74 5.40 5.22 4.86 5.81 - - - - - - - - 5.81 -

7.0

5.29 - 5.66 5.37 5.39 4.75 5.23 5.10 4.83 5.69 - - - - - - - - 5.60 -

8.0

- - - - - - - - - 5.66 - - - - - - - - - -

9.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

- - -

123

Table 35a. Percent oxygen saturation profiles for station S2 during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 35b. Percent oxygen saturation profiles for station S2 during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

101.6 91.7 85.8 94.4 84.5 80.8 93.5 85.1

0.5

101.0 92.0 88.4 91.0 81.4 76.7 101.0 84.8

1.0

97.6 95.8 93.7 91.1 80.9 77.8 88.9 86.6

1.5

97.8 96.2 93.0 89.7 87.5 77.9 87.8 87.1

2.0

98.4 95.4 86.7 93.7 84.0 76.7 87.0 86.0

3.0

99.2 93.7 84.2 93.5 87.6 78.4 86.2 86.8

4.0

98.1 93.3 81.5 87.2 85.3 77.3 87.1 87.4

5.0 93.6 - - - - - - -
6.0 - - - - - - - -
7.0 - - - - - - - -
8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

89.7 89.3 94.6 85.3 86.7 92.9 87.8 84.9 82.6 83.0 93.5 99.7 98.2 98.0 95.5 - 81.6 91.9 85.4 93.7

0.5

81.9 88.0 93.4 84.9 85.5 87.2 80.3 81.6 80.0 83.9 90.6 92.2 95.9 99.9 98.2 - 87.9 88.4 82.8 84.2

1.0

80.6 85.0 88.0 84.7 86.1 82.0 81.9 79.7 80.8 84.6 89.6 88.3 88.8 90.3 87.4 - 86.6 91.6 83.9 87.6

1.5

79.6 87.1 88.1 84.6 85.2 85.5 80.8 80.6 79.9 85.0 89.2 92.5 89.3 89.4 86.4 - 87.9 87.8 84.0 88.0

2.0

78.9 83.3 88.3 85.5 87.1 82.0 76.8 80.9 80.0 84.2 89.0 92.8 89.0 90.3 87.7 - 87.8 88.1 76.4 86.2

3.0

77.0 86.0 90.5 79.1 87.5 76.1 70.7 79.9 81.3 84.7 89.7 88.4 89.3 89.8 89.0 - 86.9 76.1 62.9 81.9

4.0

72.8 85.3 90.8 84.0 88.1 70.8 77.0 77.3 77.5 83.4 87.7 89.7 86.3 89.8 85.2 - 83.0 67.0 62.0 73.8

5.0

69.7 87.8 89.1 86.2 87.9 79.2 70.1 -

- 85.4 90.0 85.2 81.5 80.5 79.5 - 79.5 69.3 - 43.7

6.0 69.7

87.7

88.8 - - 79.7 - - - - - 86.6 - 78.0 - - 58.2 - - 55.2

7.0

- 89.0

87.0 - - 80.3 - - - - - 76.9 - - - - 57.1 - - 55.3

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

124

Table 36a. Percent oxygen saturation profiles for station S3 during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 36b. Percent oxygen saturation profiles for station S3 during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

99.8 95.3 97.4 96.4 91.1 76.8 91.5 85.6

0.5

100.2 95.6 93.8 95.7 86.7 73.8 94.0 85.3

1.0

99.3 94.6 93.5 97.1 85.9 75.2 91.8 83.8

1.5

101.3 96.3 92.2 94.0 89.4 74.2 92.0 88.2

2.0

100.1 96.7 90.1 91.9 83.4 73.5 92.1 88.6

3.0

100.1 98.0 87.2 93.6 84.4 74.5 90.0 89.1

4.0

97.1 98.8 88.4. 91.0 83.0 72.1 89.0 88.2

5.0

98.9 97.2 89.1 90.3 83.3 74.7 87.5 89.0

6.0

96.9 98.5 89.9 92.6 86.2 80.3 89.4 87.6

7.0

- 95.9 89.1 93.2 88.7 80.5 89.5 88.6

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

87.7 97.8 89.0 93.4 84.5 89.2 84.1 86.4 77.6 86.6 91.8 92.2 92.5 96.0 89.5 91.1 89.5 90.1 85.9 92.8

0.5

86.1 91.7 87.1 84.3 85.4 85.3 80.8 85.5 81.3 83.9 89.0 93.8 91.5 95.5 89.6 91.6 87.9 88.0 85.5 92.7

1.0

84.1 87.0 87.0 86.2 85.1 86.2 83.5 82.3 80.1 84.7 86.2 92.1 90.6 93.2 89.8 93.9 88.1 88.4 83.2 91.0

1.5

79.9 87.7 86.9 86.1 85.0 88.2 89.5 84.0 79.4 84.3 87.2 90.6 91.1 92.9 86.7 90.1 88.0 88.4 84.8 91.6

2.0

82.7 83.8 85.1 85.1 84.5 86.7 84.6 84.8 79.5 86.0 89.8 90.6 92.3 93.5 88.6 89.0 87.5 86.8 83.1 88.1

3.0

72.3 87.0 83.5 83.1 87.1 73.9 83.0 84.5 80.1 85.0 88.4 92.3 89.1 90.9 85.1 91.5 87.4 81.9 75.3 87.7

4.0

86.4 85.5 87.0 85.2 87.4 80.3 85.7 86.8 81.7 85.1 86.9 86.0 86.1 87.2 76.7 84.1 82.2 79.2 76.5 84.5

5.0

87.4 - 86.5 86.5 87.9 77.1 84.5 86.5 81.2 84.2 89.4 82.9 88.2 86.1 77.1 80.1 82.5 81.6 75.3 77.9

6.0

85.4 - 86.5 87.3 88.7 86.7 87.1 86.0 79.8 84.5 88.7 85.2 84.6 84.4 72.3 82.2 68.3 82.8 81.8 74.3

7.0

88.1 - 86.7 86.4 88.2 87.0 85.6 87.3 82.6 84.6 89.7 86.3 84.0 84.4 73.2 83.0 73.7 84.6 83.8 74.7

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

125

Table 37a. Percent oxygen saturation profiles for station S5 during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 37b. Percent oxygen saturation profiles for station S5 during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

98.8 91.3 93.5 95.2 86.2 73.2 87.8 80.2

0.5

99.2 99.8 98.1 98.0 87.4 83.3 107.1 83.4

1.0

96.9 102.7 94.2 102.0 86.5 76.5 99.0 88.8

1.5

100.7 95.7 95.8 105.0 86.6 73.4 94.5 89.8

2.0

96.7 96.7 96.2 99.7 88.2 56.7 93.2 89.7

3.0

97.0 97.2 97.3 71.2 78.6 52.1 88.4 87.7

4.0 101.7

84.6 - 75.8 - - - -

5.0 - - - - - - - -
6.0 - - - - - - - -
7.0 - - - - - - - -
8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

77.3 82.8 78.0 77.6 86.5 82.9 70.6 78.6 76.2 81.1 80.3 88.6 78.0 83.9 81.7 81.6 82.4 81.3 78.2 87.3

0.5

80.2 83.9 80.0 83.4 86.9 82.1 70.8 76.8 78.8 78.6 79.6 88.5 81.2 83.9 82.9 85.3 84.0 85.8 80.3 91.2

1.0

75.6 86.8 83.0 87.1 89.7 78.4 74.7 80.8 84.7 82.8 85.6 86.4 84.4 85.2 77.4 90.2 86.4 89.2 79.2 77.5

1.5

83.4 86.4 83.5 85.2 81.2 70.4 75.4 79.3 79.3 79.8 84.6 92.1 86.6 90.2 84.2 92.8 83.5 86.2 81.2 77.9

2.0

80.0 81.9 86.5 88.0 84.9 77.7 77.2 79.3 83.0 79.3 85.7 90.6 78.7 90.8 84.3 84.4 74.6 83.4 75.6 74.8

3.0

54.2 83.3 83.2 85.7 84.5 68.0 75.1 69.6 84.0 71.7 85.6 85.2 74.4 92.2 77.2 81.5 72.6 79.1 60.7 54.1

4.0

54.8 79.9 69.5 71.7 79.1 63.2 58.5 64.6 69.5 68.7 75.9 74.3 56.2 50.3 55.8 - 65.2 63.2 - 52.8

5.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

48.7

- - - - - - - -

6.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

126

Table 38a. Percent oxygen saturation profiles for station S6 during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 38b. Percent oxygen saturation profiles for station S6 during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

97.4 91.4 94.6 101.3 91.5 79.7 95.4 81.3

0.5

98.6 96.6 97.4 99.7 95.0 79.1 91.1 83.9

1.0

96.1 96.3 91.9 95.3 91.9 77.4 94.7 88.4

1.5

98.9 90.0 94.8 91.8 85.8 78.9 92.9 87.2

2.0

98.8 93.9 90.1 88.0 90.9 76.4 90.5 86.9

3.0

97.6 95.2 84.6 85.2 87.5 77.4 89.4 85.8

4.0

98.4 94.4 85.2 90.3 84.3 78.4 88.1 86.0

5.0

99.5 96.4 89.4 89.4 85.1 79.1 86.9 85.4

6.0

97.8 93.9 89.3 85.4 83.3 80.6 83.9 85.4

7.0

- 95.2 83.5 85.9 87.3 81.3 74.9 85.2

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

79.7 86.4 90.0 82.5 82.8 79.5 81.2 82.2 77.9 85.5 91.2 88.6 94.2 94.9 91.5 90.5 86.3 88.1 77.8 87.3

0.5

81.9 86.1 87.0 81.6 83.6 79.9 81.7 82.3 79.2 81.2 87.9 92.3 94.6 94.1 91.2 93.4 88.0 90.7 79.0 90.2

1.0

76.7 87.9 87.3 81.1 83.9 74.1 75.6 78.5 71.3 82.9 86.0 88.8 89.5 95.8 82.2 92.1 86.2 88.7 78.0 91.2

1.5

72.3 82.5 86.6 82.4 82.5 70.8 71.1 74.4 78.7 84.5 85.0 84.0 83.0 94.7 87.0 77.7 87.6 81.5 79.6 85.8

2.0

73.8 85.6 86.3 83.1 81.7 68.9 74.2 73.8 79.8 86.5 88.4 87.6 80.2 94.1 86.0 83.7 84.2 79.5 75.4 79.8

3.0

76.2 81.2 82.5 84.3 81.5 74.4 72.9 78.4 84.2 83.6 85.9 89.8 81.6 93.1 78.3 86.9 80.5 76.8 70.4 68.2

4.0

84.6 83.6 85.5 83.5 81.0 80.8 73.6 77.4 80.9 83.5 81.9 81.0 86.7 92.5 75.6 77.6 79.4 69.1 63.2 69.5

5.0

82.1 85.1 82.8 82.0 77.4 84.8 80.5 83.9 82.0 82.7 78.7 75.7 85.0 92.7 72.3 77.7 70.6 71.5 76.4 65.5

6.0

85.7 88.0 82.6 81.2 73.5 80.9 79.0 86.9 78.2 82.3 75.0 85.7 71.5 91.9 70.0 73.1 66.9 79.5 80.7 72.4

7.0

85.4 83.7 85.3 81.7 75.8 81.6 75.8 84.6 80.7 83.0 75.6 80.0 71.7 92.7 64.4 64.6 65.2 58.2 76.2 78.5

8.0

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

9.0

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

127

Table 39a. Percent oxygen saturation profiles for station C1 during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 39b. Percent oxygen saturation profiles for station C1 during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

100.5 99.9 93.9 98.4 92.5 81.2 87.4 87.3

0.5

98.8 95.4 91.0 95.0 88.2 82.2 87.6 87.5

1.0

97.0 96.2 90.5 96.0 88.9 84.2 87.2 85.8

1.5

99.2 94.8 88.4 95.8 90.6 85.0 85.3 88.3

2.0

95.6 96.5 92.7 95.6 89.4 87.0 87.7 88.8

3.0

94.8 96.7 92.8 94.8 88.7 86.7 85.8 88.6

4.0

96.8 98.5 90.7 94.5 87.2 87.6 83.7 88.5

5.0

95.3 98.2 92.1 91.5 88.1 86.6 83.0 89.0

6.0

94.6 95.4 90.2 90.0 83.0 85.4 81.9 87.2

7.0

- 95.7 91.0 84.0 82.3 86.1 83.1 84.5

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth

(m)

0.0

86.5 - 86.1 86.4 88.0 81.9 84.7 85.2 82.2 83.00 - - - - - - - - 80.2 -

0.5

87.9 - 86.5 87.9 88.1 80.2 86.3 84.9 83.4 84.10 - - - - - - - - 79.0 -

1.0

88.8 - 86.3 87.5 88.9 78.0 86.4 85.6 82.4 83.10 - - - - - - - - 79.3 -

1.5

87.8 - 85.5 88.7 88.7 75.2 85.6 85.4 84.6 79.90 - - - - - - - - 80.1 -

2.0

89.7 - 86.6 88.2 90.3 83.5 87.2 86.3 85.2 80.00 - - - - - - - - 80.4 -

3.0

88.2 - 85.8 86.4 89.5 84.7 86.8 85.0 77.0 83.50 - - - - - - - - 82.2 -

4.0

80.9 - 86.1 86.9 90.1 87.3 88.2 84.0 74.8 84.90 - - - - - - - - 81.9 -

5.0

79.9 - 86.4 86.6 87.5 85.5 87.2 85.5 78.4 84.90 - - - - - - - - 84.6 -

6.0

80.3 - 86.3 87.0 88.1 83.6 88.6 83.8 78.4 82.50 - - - - - - - - 84.7 -

7.0

71.5 - 86.1 85.5 87.7 82.4 88.2 84.8 79.0 84.40 - - - - - - - - 84.2 -

8.0

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - -

9.0

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - -

128

Table 40a. Percent oxygen saturation profiles for station C2 during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 40b. Percent oxygen saturation profiles for station C2 during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

93.2 93.8 92.4 97.1 87.1 82.6 80.3 85.1

0.5

94.5 94.9 90.8 96.6 90.6 81.3 83.6 85.1

1.0

94.5 94.7 89.9 96.4 88.9 82.8 82.0 85.4

1.5

93.7 92.5 89.2 96.2 90.6 82.4 80.1 84.7

2.0

94.5 89.4 88.8 95.9 88.8 83.5 76.6 81.5

3.0

93.6 91.6 92.3 95.8 90.0 84.6 81.1 73.6

4.0

93.3 88.6 92.0 93.5 90.2 85.8 76.4 74.2

5.0

90.9 87.7 87.0 86.3 88.3 87.4 74.0 72.1

6.0

92.3 89.6 78.8 75.5 86.1 86.6 74.2 71.7

7.0

- 84.9 76.8 76.4 74.6 - 73.4 71.9

8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

86.7 - 86.1 85.6 88.6 87.5 85.1 77.3 81.6 83.8 - - - - - - - - 85.0 -

0.5

86.1 - 87.3 86.6 87.6 82.7 83.8 77.0 82.6 83.4 - - - - - - - - 84.1 -

1.0

84.3 - 86.2 87.9 89.9 83.0 84.1 79.4 81.7 83.1 - - - - - - - - 82.9 -

1.5

77.5 - 85.7 85.2 91.2 75.8 81.6 78.2 82.1 83.7 - - - - - - - - 80.3 -

2.0

71.4 - 85.3 85.7 89.9 73.9 84.4 75.9 82.4 82.8 - - - - - - - - 80.1 -

3.0

72.5 - 85.9 82.5 89.3 69.1 88.8 74.7 71.5 82.7 - - - - - - - - 83.0 -

4.0

75.5 - 84.0 80.3 85.5 74.9 87.2 75.4 70.0 84.0 - - - - - - - - 87.2 -

5.0

76.4 - 82.2 78.3 82.5 68.7 87.3 73.6 70.5 83.6 - - - - - - - - 87.9 -

6.0

74.9 - 83.0 77.1 81.0 68.5 77.3 75.3 69.6 84.7 - - - - - - - - 84.4 -

7.0

77.0 - 82.0 77.7 80.0 68.7 76.3 72.3 69.5 84.3 - - - - - - - - 82.5 -

8.0

- - - - - - - - - 82.2 - - - - - - - - - -

9.0 - - - - - - - - - - -

- - -

130

Table 41a. Light attenuation profiles for station S2 measured in �mol photons m

-2

-1

during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 41b. Light attenuation profiles for station S2 measured in �mol photons m

-2

-1

during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

45.9 335.3

- 580.0 324.3 1282.0 1175.5 555.4

0.5

39.6 215.2 - 315.1 225.8 860.4 724.5 215.9

1.0

25.6 185.0 - 297.8 201.1 768.8 549.1 206.0

1.5

21.4 150.0 - 274.0 158.5 727.2 391.7 172.2

2.0

20.2 155.4 - 205.3 159.5 562.1 306.8 152.0

3.0

17.8 159.0 - 162.3 126.2 453.1 237.1 144.3

4.0

16.0 90.8 - 100.9 30.4 325.1 89.5 127.6

5.0 - - - - - - - -
6.0 - - - - - - - -
7.0 - - - - - - - -
8.0 - - - - - - - -
9.0 - - - - - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth

(m)

0.0

549.4 148.5 447.5 202.2 494.7 883.1 1265.5 143.7 1166.0 183.6 122.2 117.9 106.5 23.7 20.5 - 52.6 116.9 57.0 -

0.5 205.3 121.5 257.2 166.0 358.8 608.6 796.1 75.7 513.6 88.7 36.6 88.4 29.4 11.7 2.8 - 26.2 51.5 30.1 -
1.0 130.3 87.0 202.4 141.9 314.5 362.6 469.9 71.7 399.5 58.7 22.3 63.9 22.4 7.4 1.6 - 19.2 30.0 19.6 -
1.5

87.6 61.5 168.1 118.6 287.4 234.5 400.7 105.0 307.8 37.7 14.5 43.9 15.2 4.1 1.2 - 15.3 13.6 12.2 -

2.0

67.7 59.7 121.3 109.0 263.8 165.8 347.8 92.2 264.7 43.1 11.3 31.7 14.3 2.3 1.2 - 14.8 8.4 9.3 -

3.0

38.9 51.9 105.3 76.0 217.9 76.9 223.7 57.8 201.1 58.1 8.2 19.8 12.4 1.6 0.3 - 9.6 1.8 4.2 -

4.0 24.5 53.3 90.6 59.2 271.7 20.6 142.3 6.8 134.1 57.2 6.3 13.7 8.2 0.8 0.0 - 5.2 0.2 0.5 -
5.0 11.6 51.6 55.4 24.3 107.6 8.2 102.2 -

- 54.2 5.0 10.8 5.5 0.2 0.0 - 1.9 0.0 - -

6.0 1.1

47.6

22.4 - - 1.7 - - - 36.1 - 7.4 - -0.3

0.7 - -

7.0 -

40.8

3.8

- -

0.1 - - - - -

2.2

- -

0.2

- -

8.0 -

36.3

- - - - - - - - - - - -

0.0

- -

9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

0.0

- -

131

Table 42a. Light attenuation profiles for station S3 measured in �mol photons m

-2

-1

during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 42b. Light attenuation profiles for station S3 measured in �mol photons m

-2

-1

during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

432.8 342.3 - 352.5 139.3 1034.5 345.4 1010.9

0.5

297.6 270.0 - 259.3 106.5 749.0 138.7 524.6

1.0 261.8

278.1

187.5

99.3

602.3

109.1

415.1

1.5 262.2

241.3

184.5

85.2

529.9

107.4

281.8

2.0 237.3

218.5

159.5

70.0

423.8

143.6

264.6

3.0 218.2 189.7 - 124.3 67.4 319.2 69.0 214.8
4.0 185.1 180.1 - 115.3 67.3 238.5 80.9 190.8
5.0 157.7 178.7 - 104.0 50.5 191.9 85.3 158.6
6.0 139.9 158.6 - 90.2 46.6 151.3 52.5 135.5
7.0 117.8 152.4 - 71.4 39.7 143.1 53.7 110.5
8.0 97.1

138.7

61.8

38.0

119.8

42.6

97.8

9.0 - - -

56.6

35.3 - - 93.3

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

978.4 69.6 687.7 195.6 283.3 982.1 330.0 307.3 862.7 1801.5 56.2 48.1 18.7 41.1 3.0 50.2 14.6 254.5 49.2 -

0.5

799.2 39.5 383.1 126.2 220.4 572.8 180.6 194.0 572.3 737.9 14.0 15.1 9.7 5.4 2.1 29.5 8.8 85.4 18.1 -

1.0

689.2 30.0 322.1 105.6 165.8 273.7 132.2 150.2 383.8 611.1 13.0 9.6 7.5 3.1 0.6 19.5 6.5 41.4 14.8 -

1.5

438.0 25.3 209.9 107.7 130.3 173.3 102.2 107.9 283.8 506.2 11.1 10.4 4.9 2.0 0.0 14.8 4.8 23.0 9.7 -

2.0

303.0 21.4 125.3 90.7 111.3 125.8 86.2 93.7 222.2 466.4 9.0 10.3 2.8 1.0 0.0 11.1 4.7 7.8 7.9 -

3.0 270.1 15.2 93.4 82.0 100.0 62.3 67.5 82.8 152.2 323.1 7.1 4.1 2.0 0.5 0.0 5.7 3.3 4.3 5.9 -
4.0 203.5 9.4 74.9 69.5 92.8 36.1 57.6 78.5 107.2 240.7 4.9 2.3 1.2 0.1 0.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 3.9 -
5.0 146.6 1.7 57.9 64.1 84.5 21.0 47.0 57.6 74.2 194.2 3.9 1.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.7 1.2 2.4 -
6.0 119.7 - 57.3 60.1 77.7 17.2 38.1 47.0 50.5 153.8 3.4 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.5 0.8 1.9 -
7.0

92.4 - 55.2 51.2 70.1 12.6 31.8 36.0 34.8 120.3 2.6 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.9 0.6 1.5 -

8.0

73.7 -

- 48.1 62.6 7.8 26.7 35.5 25.5 96.2 2.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.9 -

9.0 63.5 - - - 52.3 2.9 22.5 - 18.0 87.7 - 0.2

0.0 - 0.0

0.3

0.3 0.2 0.7

132

Table 43a. Light attenuation profiles for station S5 measured in �mol photons m

-2

-1

during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 43b. Light attenuation profiles for station S5 measured in �mol photons m

-2

-1

during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

81.7 - - 426.3 748.5 1458.9 1823.5 905.4

0.5

59.7 - - 371.4 502.1 1085.6 932.3 782.4

1.0

52.8 - - 306.9 444.1 850.2 867.6 640.8

1.5

40.4 - - 253.2 443.1 614.7 495.3 502.1

2.0

36.2 - - 235.9 400.0 536.3 391.6 414.7

3.0

31.1 - - 131.0 224.6 154.9 184.3 414.0

4.0

23.6

44.5

- - - -

5.0 -

- - - - -

6.0 -

- - - - -

7.0 -

- - - - -

8.0 -

- - - - -

9.0 -

- - - - -

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

601.3 220.0 432.9 1073.5 1089.7 228.4 875.1 245.9 2.2 1913.9 435.6 402.7 324.2 182.5 - 282.5 41.0 619.0 101.5 187.9

0.5

276.4 56.5 261.8 916.4 301.6 61.3 513.6 175.2 1.2 1056.6 302.2 171.2 146.4 60.3 - 69.2 29.2 175.9 26.4 51.3

1.0

187.9 38.1 175.5 634.5 201.6 43.8 414.7 95.8 1.1 622.5 205.0 99.8 98.9 26.4 - 19.7 20.8 82.7 13.4 32.7

1.5

135.7 26.1 158.7 539.5 153.6 27.3 319.1 80.4 0.6 502.2 152.6 99.9 86.1 18.0 - 10.4 13.1 36.0 11.4 31.0

2.0

111.8 22.1 144.1 281.0 110.8 18.5 213.4 77.6 0.5 374.7 134.0 99.7 63.6 12.5 - 6.4 6.9 25.0 9.8 21.1

3.0

70.6 13.3 43.3 208.0 80.8 12.4 153.4 28.9 0.3 217.9 87.8 76.0 28.6 6.6 - 1.6 2.2 9.4 5.7 12.1

4.0 13.4 4.2 3.6 13.8 39.7 4.2 79.6 9.4 0.1 110.9 31.2 47.0 0.6 0.0 - 1.0 2.8 - 4.2
5.0 - - - - - - - - - - - 4.8 - -

- - - - -

6.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - -

7.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - -

8.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - -

9.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - -

133

Table 44a. Light attenuation profiles for station S6 measured in �mol photons m

-2

-1

during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 44b. Light attenuation profiles for station S6 measured in �mol photons m

-2

-1

during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

48.5 847.8 - 924.0 370.5 796.2 1591.0 330.9

0.5

35.1 692.1 - 627.6 221.4 795.6 1104.2 320.4

1.0

33.9 553.9 - 406.5 171.0 709.9 936.3 221.8

1.5

29.2 462.4 - 395.9 142.8 569.6 780.3 196.9

2.0

28.3 424.6 - 333.7 121.6 531.3 640.8 183.6

3.0

24.3 347.2 - 268.0 88.9 417.7 446.0 171.9

4.0

21.5 264.1 - 231.9 82.2 338.8 401.1 163.8

5.0

19.0 217.0 - 194.4 70.6 270.6 335.7 131.2

6.0

16.4 205.0 - 189.9 57.1 219.5 251.9 122.8

7.0

14.7 120.4 - 147.5 43.5 175.2 189.5 110.5

8.0 12.2 - -

136.1

33.6

129.1

98.8

86.8

9.0 - -

103.9

24.9

- -

61.6

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

387.8 299.1 230.6 1170.0 676.7 1251.6 474.8 1236.6 171.0 1484.8 104.0 162.1 68.8 202.7 31.2 122.7 61.5 556.9 542.8 67.4

0.5

315.6 229.5 164.5 1004.9 454.4 698.6 322.9 848.3 108.4 1179.5 65.7 83.0 34.3 64.7 10.1 34.1 31.6 131.4 309.1 51.9

1.0

226.3 164.4 165.8 832.4 412.7 458.4 248.8 703.1 60.3 769.2 47.4 61.5 22.3 31.1 6.5 17.2 19.2 63.9 210.7 29.0

1.5

164.2 143.6 152.8 713.0 331.0 322.2 205.5 526.5 49.8 617.6 45.6 42.9 21.6 18.2 4.6 9.2 14.7 38.2 128.8 21.4

2.0 129.8 114.4 148.1 542.0 265.9 319.1 133.0 354.4 40.4 387.8 42.8 84.5 24.7 9.7 3.3 6.0 11.7 26.5 93.8 16.6
3.0 103.3 86.7 146.6 391.8 209.1 103.8 87.7 215.8 30.4 243.3 30.1 58.7 23.9 7.3 1.8 3.0 7.2 14.3 56.2 8.2
4.0

60.6 65.8 145.3 368.4 166.4 67.7 61.5 195.5 21.3 130.9 21.7 41.3 21.6 6.2 0.8 1.6 4.3 7.0 31.4 1.5

5.0

68.7 57.3 130.4 362.1 114.6 52.3 39.9 161.3 15.7 79.6 16.4 31.8 11.4 5.6 0.1 0.7 2.6 3.9 21.5 1.1

6.0 54.3 52.8 109.7 341.6 54.6 21.7 26.7 119.9 12.1 61.2 13.1 25.7 7.9 4.2 0.0 0.4 1.0 1.7 13.9 0.0
7.0 45.8 40.6 103.4 239.0 30.4 13.1 13.3 95.4 9.2 47.5 10.6 18.3 6.7 3.2 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.6 7.1 0.0
8.0 30.9 21.3 - 150.8 15.2 6.6 7.8 77.6 6.4 35.4 8.3 14.8 5.4 2.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 3.3 0.0
9.0 22.3 - - 98.6 5.1 2.3 4.0 - 4.8 29.6 5.6 13.1 4.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.3 -

134

Table 45a. Light attenuation profiles for station C1 measured in �mol photons m

-2

-1

during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 45b. Light attenuation profiles for station C1 measured in �mol photons m

-2

-1

during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

94.6 608.1 328.5 90.5 702.4 727.2 105.8 528.5

0.5

74.9 442.0 206.8 75.8 524.4 509.1 78.3 306.9

1.0

41.6 381.1 227.6 70.4 400.5 522.5 75.5 189.8

1.5

64.5 379.6 187.1 63.1 292.0 437.2 79.6 98.9

2.0

61.2 408.0 195.1 65.7 249.6 529.9 76.6 92.3

3.0

57.2 360.8 132.6 59.6 223.2 405.7 71.4 260.0

4.0

56.4 340.9 147.4 59.4 198.0 353.1 69.4 297.8

5.0

50.9 365.7 131.1 54.9 204.1 347.2 67.4 211.4

6.0

48.6 286.3 112.6 52.8 195.6 326.5 64.9 191.0

7.0

44.1 271.8 101.6 50.3 184.5 283.2 67.8 182.6

8.0

42.3 301.8 96.1 43.7 164.0 269.9 73.1 153.9

9.0

- - 86.8

43.6

144.1 - - 139.0

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth (m)

0.0

741.9 - 191.3 259.0 296.8 868.7 325.0 257.5 669.8 467.8 - - - - - - - - 31.1 -

0.5

608.6 - 143.9 223.3 210.9 606.1 231.1 209.9 421.2 335.8 - - - - - - - - 21.6 -

1.0

514.1 - 102.1 218.5 205.8 618.5 172.4 148.3 302.7 493.5 - - - - - - - - 20.4 -

1.5 510.3 - 78.4 188.9 167.7 581.2 157.2 133.5 205.5 440.3 - - - - - - - - 18.4 -
2.0 462.6 - 74.9 162.0 160.8 417.7 151.2 131.2 240.6 409.8 - - - - - - - - 16.6 -
3.0 404.5 - 71.0 139.5 151.5 349.9 131.2 116.6 193.4 416.2 - - - - - - - - 12.5 -
4.0 418.7 - 69.4 151.4 141.1 276.8 128.8 105.7 190.9 308.5 - - - - - - - - 7.2 -
5.0 323.9 - 69.4 152.6 130.0 219.5 111.2 92.5 168.5 207.3 - - - - - - - - 6.9 -
6.0 289.6 - 62.9 128.1 106.0 170.0 97.2 83.2 111.1 274.4 - - - - - - - - 5.9 -
7.0 245.1 - 58.2 102.3 109.3 131.0 98.1 79.9 123.6 256.1 - - - - - - - - 4.4 -
8.0 210.4 - - 101.3 93.8 95.2 87.6 73.1 102.5 253.9 - - - - - - - - 3.8 -
9.0 202.9 - -

- 88.4 80.6 86.8 - 81.7 229.1 - - - - - - - - 2.9 -

135

Table 46a. Light attenuation profiles for station C2 measured in �mol photons m

-2

-1

during baseflow conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

Table 46b. Light attenuation profiles for station C2 measured in �mol photons m

-2

-1

during storm conditions in Hilo Bay, Hawaii, USA.

3
/14

/20

5
/04

/20

6
/19

/20

7
/09

/20

7
/31

/20

9
/06

/20

1
0/1

1/2

007

1
1/0

8/2

007

Depth

(m)

0.0

78.4 146.6 835.4 284.0 299.6 533.4 87.3 502.8

0.5

68.9 151.7 404.2 229.4 224.2 343.1 83.5 301.8

1.0

60.9 131.9 379.8 213.8 183.2 248.0 71.0 212.6

1.5

57.8 118.6 346.3 188.8 171.4 210.2 61.9 183.6

2.0

56.3 122.7 250.4 187.6 148.0 191.7 53.3 134.5

3.0

49.2 125.5 235.3 186.6 122.1 166.7 49.3 117.3

4.0

46.7 116.4 212.3 133.8 146.6 146.1 45.2 89.6

5.0

43.2 105.8 202.4 121.7 154.0 135.2 41.2 88.5

6.0

40.8 96.0 165.8 133.4 140.4 131.5 32.8 84.0

7.0

36.4 92.2 163.6 115.8 130.7 - 29.2 65.9

8.0

29.8 83.4 139.1 100.1 101.7 - 27.3 65.4

9.0 - -

121.1

92.9 - - -

51.1

1
/11

/20

1
/12

/20

1
/13

/20

1
/14

/20

1
/15

/20

3
/02

/20

3
/03

/20

3
/04

/20

3
/05

/20

3
/06

/20

1
2/1

3/2

007

1
2/1

4/2

007

1
2/1

5/2

007

1
2/1

6/2

007

1
2/1

7/2

007

1
/28

/20

1
/29

/20

1
/30

/20

1
/31

/20

2
/01

/20

Depth

(m)

0.0

241.0 199.6 405.9 155.9 118.2 355.1 171.1 75.4 229.3 885.1 - - - - - - - - 14.6 -

0.5

179.2 202.6 202.7 114.9 74.9 160.8 114.6 55.5 162.6 745.9 - - - - - - - - 9.8 -

1.0 145.1 266.3 209.8 84.7 33.5 159.7 98.4 57.5 128.1 584.2 - - - - - - - - 8.8 -
1.5 123.7 196.4 272.6 90.5 34.3 143.3 99.6 51.6 135.6 426.7 - - - - - - - - 9.9 -
2.0 110.6 144.7 286.2 94.6 50.0 174.7 88.5 55.9 106.3 511.3 - - - - - - - - 9.3 -
3.0 104.1 106.9 254.3 87.2 49.6 152.1 73.1 54.2 93.6 364.5 - - - - - - - - 7.8 -
4.0

87.2 118.1 220.5 83.1 46.2 117.4 68.7 49.2 83.0 272.5 - - - - - - - - 6.7 -

5.0

79.7 126.6 206.5 81.1 40.6 88.4 65.6 46.8 78.2 307.3 - - - - - - - - 5.9 -

6.0

69.3 53.8 173.5 74.7 37.9 59.0 56.9 42.8 65.7 289.4 - - - - - - - - 5.2 -

7.0

61.9 118.9 156.5 66.1 36.3 41.1 47.5 40.7 64.3 280.5 - - - - - - - - 4.3 -

8.0

56.6 110.6 - 59.6 34.5 32.6 43.6 35.9 61.3 260.2 - - - - - - - - 3.6 -

9.0

48.5 93.6 -

- 33.1 24.3 39.4 - 47.1 178.9 - - - - - - - - 2.9 -